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. 2017 Jul 4;7:4585. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04313-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Structure of the experimental system. (a) Transceiver structure for detecting the OAM mode using the VRA method. An EM beam is generated by a horn antenna and then passes through the SPP, which produces an OAM wave with mode number l. At the receiving side, the OAM wave is received by two antennas, which are deployed transversely across the doughnut-shaped beam, and then digitally sampled. The sampled data are input to a computer where the interpolation is performed using MATLAB. Afterwards, the interpolated data are output to a spectrum analyser (Agilent E4446A) for observation. (b) OAM mode detection experiment conducted in the laboratory. (c) Transmitting antenna fabricated by placing the SPP in front of a horn antenna. (d) Waveguide antennas used to receive the signals.