Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with adult‐onset autoimmune diabetes and type 2 diabetes
| Variables | Control (group A: n = 1,365) | Adult‐onset autoimmune diabetes (group B: n = 381) | Type 2 diabetes (group C: n = 1,365) | P‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A vs B | A vs C | B vs C | ||||
| Sex (men) | 847 (62.1) | 202 (53.0) | 847 (62.1) | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 54 (45–63) | 55 (43‐63) | 54 (45–63) | 0.422 | 0.987 | 0.417 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 (18.7–22.7) | 22.2 (19.0–24.2) | 25.3 (22.8–27.7) | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DM duration (years) | – | 5 (1–10) | 3 (0.1–10) | – | – | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.01 (4.71–5.3) | 8.35 (6.10–11.56) | 8.28 (6.73–10.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.543 |
| HbA1c (%) | – | 8.4 (7.1–10.3) | 8.4 (6.8–10.1) | – | – | 0.636 |
| FCP (ng/mL) | – | 0.57 (0.12–1.69) | 2.07 (1.32–2.92) | – | – | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 18 (12–36) | 17 (12–28) | 27 (16–59) | 0.235 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 22 (17–38) | 19 (16–26) | 23 (17–39) | <0.001 | 0.270 | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 23 (16–36) | 19 (13–32) | 33 (21–61) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Serum ALB (g/L) | 43 (41–46) | 44 (41–49) | 44 (41–47) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| ALP (U/L) | 68 (57–83) | 69 (57–90) | 72 (58–92) | 0.326 | <0.001 | 0.146 |
| Total BIL (μmol/L) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–16) | 13 (10–16) | 0.402 | <0.001 | 0.084 |
| APTT (s) | 25.7 (23.7–28.3) | 25.4 (24.2‐28.4) | 25.9 (23.2–28.7) | 0.653 | 0.927 | 0.638 |
| Blood platelet (109/L) | 192 (159–230) | 192 (161–234) | 183 (151–223) | 0.500 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | – | 4.78 (4.00–5.41) | 4.65 (3.99–5.41) | – | – | 0.524 |
| TG (mmol/L) | – | 0.96 (0.66–1.58) | 1.55 (1.07–2.24) | – | – | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | – | 2.80 (2.25–3.55) | 2.92 (2.38–3.58) | – | – | 0.120 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | – | 1.26 (1.00–1.63) | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | – | – | <0.001 |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 67 (59–78) | 62 (52–75) | 64 (54–77) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.072 |
| HBV markers | ||||||
| HBsAg positive | 136 (10.0) | 29 (7.6) | 184 (13.5) | 0.169 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| HBsAb positive | 601 (44.0) | 175 (46.1) | 504 (37.0) | 0.483 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| HBeAg positive | 17 (1.2) | 2 (0.6) | 28 (2.1) | 0.277 | 0.097 | 0.057 |
| HBeAb positive | 377 (27.6) | 106 (27.9) | 456 (33.4) | 0.915 | 0.001 | 0.041 |
| HBcAb positive | 817 (59.9) | 209 (55.0) | 851 (62.3) | 0.089 | 0.182 | 0.010 |
Data are expressed as median (interquartile) or number (%). The difference between proportions was tested using the χ2‐test, and the difference between medians was examined using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine amino transferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate amino transferase; BMI, body mass index; FCP, fasting C peptide; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HBcAb, hepatitis B core antibody; HBeAb, hepatitis B e antibody; HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBsAb, hepatitis B surface antibody; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCr, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; Total BIL, total bilirubin.