Table 5.
Participation and completion of 24-h urine collection in recent population-based surveys of sodium intakea
| First author (reference) | Selected | Agreed to participate | Completion of 24-hour urine collection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb | Nc | % | Criteria for completion | Nd | %e | %e1 | |
| National Diet and Nutrition Survey (112) | 6,224 | 3,844 | 61.8 | 85%–119% PABAe recovery by colorimetry, 70%–104% PABA recovery HPLC If chose not to take PABA or took less than 3 doses, report no missed doses and collection time between 23–25 h |
1,971 | 31.7 | 51.3 |
| Land (84) | 2,018f | 327g | 16.2 | 24-h urine volume ≥500 ml 24-h urine Cr ≥4 mmol for women and 6 mmol for men 24-h urine Cr within ± 3 SD from the mean |
306 | 15.2 | 93.6 |
| Angell (6) | 5,830 | 2,333 | 40.0 | 24-h urine volume ≥500 ml 24-h urine Cr ≥6.05 mmol for men or 3.78 mmol for women Self-report of a complete collection (no missing voids) |
1,656 | 28.4 | 71.0 |
| Zhang (151) | 2,184 | 2,061h | 94.4 | 24-h urine volume 24-h urine Cr relative to body weight was ≥3.81 mmol for men and 4.57 mmol for women (greater than or equal to 2 SD below the population mean) |
1,938 | 88.7 | 94.0 |
| Donfrancesco (30) | ND | 2,400 | ND | 24-h urine volume ≥500 ml 24-h urine Cr relative to body weight was within <2 SD from population mean |
2,212 | ND | 92.2 |
| Rhee (123) | 875 | 496 | 56.7 | Self-reported urine loss ≤100 ml Self-reported urine loss zero or one time Cr index ≥0.7. Cr index is 24-h urine creatinine (mg/dl) / [21 × body weight (kg)]. |
368 | 42.1 | 74.2 |
| Hendriksen (59) | 1,686i | 437 | 25.9 | Urine Cr >5.0 mmol/24 h Urine Cr >6.0 mmol/24 h Urine Cr 5–6 mmol/24 h and urine volume >1 liters ≤One missing void ≤One over collection (outside of 24 h) |
342 | 20.2 | 81.7 |
| Khosravi (77) | ND | 842h | ND | Incorrect collection of 24-h urine samples based on creatinine values, NFS Indicated INTERSALT protocol used for urine collection |
806 | ND | 95.7 |
| Scottish Center for Social Research (128) | 1,691 | 937h | 50.2 | PABA (% recovery of consumed PABA) 85%–110%, colorimetric assay; or If PABA >110% colorimetric, PABA by HPLC 78%–110%; or If PABA 70%–85%, colorimetric and PABA by HPLC 75%–77% HPLC with correction |
702 | 37.6 | 74.9 |
| Ortega (115) | 1,835 | 492 | 26.8 | Estimated FFM compared with FFM from bioelectrical impedance (criteria NFS). Estimated FFM (kg) = 0.02908 × 24-h urine Cr (mg/d) + 7.38 | 418 | 22.8 | 85.0 |
| Chappuis (20) | 14,928 | 1,448h | 9.7 | 24-h urinary volume ≥300 ml No report of missed doses (collected all 24-h urine) Urinary Cr excretion by weight (kg) >5th percentile by sex (i.e., 0.121 mmol/kg/24 h in men and 0.082/kg/24 h in women) |
1,351 | 9.1 | 93.3 |
| Ribic (124) | 600 | 158 | 26.3 | Urinary Cr index ≥120 men or ≥124 for women. Urinary Cr index (mmol/kg/d) = 24-h urine Cr (mmol/L) × 24-h urine volume (L)/body weight (kg) × 1,000 | 143 | 23.8 | 90.5 |
| Erdem (42) | ND | 1,775h | ND | Urinary Cr relative to body weight (10.7–26.0 g/kg for women and 12.1–28.9 g/kg for men) No reported HTN (n = 267 with reported HTN) Not taking anti-HTN medication (n = 192 reported taking anti-HTN medication)j |
816 | 45.9 | ND |
| Hulthen (64) | 106k | 86 | 81.1 | PABA recovery ≥85% | 79 | 74.5 | 91.9 |
| Cappuccio (17) | 1,896 | 1,013h | 53.4 | Baseline, ND | 1,013 | 53.4 | 100 |
| Maseko (99) | ND | 438 | ND | Urine volume ≥300 ml/24 h 24-h urine Cr 3.5–35 mmol for males and 3.5–30 mmol for females |
310l | ND | 70.8 |
| Laatikainenm (83) | 2,240 | 1,564n | 69.8 | Urinary Cr >6.0 mmol/d Urinary Cr 5.0–6.0 mmol/d and urine volume ≥1,000 ml |
909o | 40.6 | 58.1 |
Abbreviations: Cr, creatinine; FFM, fat-free mass; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HTN, hypertension; INTERSALT, an international study on electrolytes and blood pressure; in this protocol, participants who did not return a complete sample were asked if they would repeat a 24-h urine collection; ND, not determined or no data; NFS, not further specified; PABA, para-aminobenzoic acid, SD, standard deviation.
Number of individuals asked to collect a 24-h urine specimen.
Number of individuals who agreed to collect a 24-h urine specimen.
Number of individuals who returned a complete 24-h urine specimen.
Percent of individuals selected or asked to collect a sample who returned a complete sample.
Percent of individuals who agreed to participate (agreed to collect a 24-h urine specimen) who returned a complete sample.
Original sample was 2,152; 2,019 excludes 5 who had died or 117 moved away before contact and 11 aged <20 years (84).
A total of 329 agreed; 327 excludes 2 participants aged <20 years (did not meet age criteria) (84).
Agreed to participate and collected a 24-h urine specimen; the proportion who agreed to participate and did not provide a specimen is unclear or not available (17, 20, 42, 77, 128, 151).
Data shown for 2010 only; data for 2006 similar (59).
Unclear if these reported HTN and taking anti-HTN medications are mutually exclusive (42).
Number not reported in text; it is based on the reported random 10% selection of participants from a sample of 1,068 participants randomly selected and participating in a population-based study (107).
Number not reported in text; it is based on a sample of 438 enrolled participants, of whom 128 of the 438 did not “meet prespecified quality criteria for 24-h urine collection” (99).
Data reported here for 2002 only (83).
Specifies the number selected who participated in the baseline survey; unclear if all were asked to participate in the 24-h urine collection (83).
A total of 919 participants completed urine collection, but 10 did not meet completion criteria in relation to urine volume and creatinine (83).