Table 1.
Characteristics of 1077 prostate cancer cases and 1077 controls
| Characteristic | Cases, n = 1077 | Controls, n = 1077 |
|---|---|---|
| Age at blood collection, years (SD) | 60.0 (7.1) | 60.0 (7.1) |
| Height, cm (SD)a | 171.7 (6.9) | 172.1 (7.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD)a | 26.8 (3.5) | 26.9 (3.5) |
| Smoking, n (%)a | ||
| Never | 349 (33.0) | 307 (29.0) |
| Former | 467 (44.1) | 501 (47.3) |
| Current | 242 (22.9) | 252 (23.8) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%)a | ||
| < 10 g/day | 479 (44.8) | 480 (44.6) |
| 10–19 g/day | 199 (18.6) | 201 (18.7) |
| 20–40 g/day | 218 (20.4) | 221 (20.5) |
| ≥ 40 g/day | 174 (16.3) | 174 (16.2) |
| Physical activity, n (%)a | ||
| Inactive | 292 (28.0) | 273 (26.0) |
| Moderately inactive | 328 (31.4) | 326 (31.1) |
| Moderately active | 242 (23.2) | 246 (23.5) |
| Active | 182 (17.4) | 204 (19.4) |
| Marital status, n (%)a | ||
| Married or cohabiting | 718 (89.4) | 730 (90.2) |
| Not married or cohabiting | 85 (10.6) | 79 (9.8) |
| Educational attainment, n (%)a | ||
| Primary or equivalent | 413 (41.1) | 425 (42.2) |
| Secondary | 369 (36.7) | 396 (39.4) |
| Degree | 223 (22.2) | 185 (18.4) |
| Cases only | ||
| Age at diagnosis, years (SD) | 66.9 (7.0) | – |
| Time to diagnosis, n (%)b | ||
| < 2 years | 137 (12.7) | – |
| 2 to <4 years | 177 (16.4) | – |
| 4 to <6 years | 191 (17.7) | – |
| 6 to <8 years | 120 (11.1) | – |
| 8 to <10 years | 136 (12.6) | – |
| ≥ 10 years | 316 (29.3) | – |
| Year of diagnosis, median (range) | 2001 (1994-2008) | – |
| Grade, n (%)a,c | ||
| Low-intermediate grade | 778 (86.3) | – |
| High grade | 124 (13.7) | – |
| Stage, n (%)a,d | ||
| Localised | 456 (68.7) | – |
| Advanced | 208 (31.3) | – |
| Non-aggressive | 549 (82.7) | – |
| Aggressive | 115 (17.3) | – |
| Death from prostate cancer, n (%)a,e | 127 (12.3) | – |
aUnknown values for some participants; the calculations of percentages exclude missing values
bTime between blood collection and diagnosis
cGleason score <8 or coded as well, moderately or poorly differentiated for low-intermediate grade and Gleason score ≥8 or coded as undifferentiated for high grade
dThe TNM system was used to categorise stages of prostate cancer; localised: ≤T2 and N0/x and M0, or coded as localised; advanced: T3–4 and/or N1–3 and/or M1, or coded as advanced; and aggressive: T4 and/or N1–3 and/or M1. All categories are not mutually exclusive, so numbers do not add up; percentages were calculated separately for localised and advanced, and for non-aggressive and aggressive
eDeath from prostate cancer (prostate cancer listed as the underlying cause of death on the death certificate) during follow-up; 144 died of prostate cancer, but 17 were excluded from further analysis as their matched control had died before them (n = 13) or vital status was not known for their control (n = 4)