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mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 in peripheral monocytes of control (CON) and exercise (EXE) groups at baseline (white bars) and after the 16-week exercise training program (black bars). Values are means ± SD. ∗Significant between-group differences, as assessed by ANCOVA (baseline values as covariates).
