Table 1.
Patients anthropometrics, body composition, fitness assessment scores, and clinical parameters before and after the intervention.
| Variable | Control group (CON) | Exercise group (EXE) | EXE versus CON | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 16 weeks | % change | Baseline | 16 weeks | % change | p | |
| Age (yr) | 60 ± 6.8 | / | / | 57 ± 9.1 | / | / | / |
| Duration of diabetes (yr) | 7.8 ± 5.2 | / | / | 10.1 ± 7.3 | / | / | / |
| Body weight (kg) | 85.6 ± 10.2 | 86.6 ± 9.9 | 0.5 (−1.2, 2.1) | 85.6 ± 8.2 | 83.5 ± 9.8 | −2.6 (−4.2, −1.1) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 3.8 | 29.1 ± 3.6 | 0.4 (−1.4, 2.2) | 28.3 ± 1.5 | 27.7 ± 2.1 | −2.5 (−4.2, −0.8) | 0.029 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.1 ± 11.1 | 102.4 ± 11.5 | 0.3 (−0.8, 1.4) | 101.2 ± 7.4 | 98.6 ± 6.4 | −2.4 (−3.5, −1.4) | 0.002 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 102.4 ± 6.2 | 102.9 ± 5.9 | 0.5 (−0.7, 1.6) | 103.5 ± 5.0 | 101.4 ± 4.9 | −2.0 (−3.1, −1.0) | 0.004 |
| Fat mass (%) | 29.7 ± 2.0 | 30.3 ± 1.2 | 2.0 (−1.3, 5.4) | 29.5 ± 5.9 | 27.5 ± 6.3 | −7.4 (−10.7, −4.0) | 0.001 |
| Fat-free mass (%) | 70.3 ± 6.2 | 69.7 ± 5.2 | −0.5 (−2.6, 1.7) | 70.5 ± 5.9 | 72.5 ± 6.3 | 2.8 (2.0, 3.5) | 0.001 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 37.2 ± 7.7 | 37.0 ± 11.5 | −2.3 (−11.0, 6.4) | 33.3 ± 3.8 | 38.9 ± 5.3 | 18.1 (9.9, 26.2) | 0.003 |
| 1-RM leg press (kg) | 182.6 ± 31.7 | 188.1 ± 52.4 | 1.6 (−12.6, 15.7) | 168.9 ± 30.5 | 199.7 ± 44.3 | 19.4 (6.1, 32.7) | 0.043 |
| m-RM leg press (reps) | 26.4 ± 9.7 | 29.1 ± 6.0 | 27.8 (−19.8, 75.4) | 27.1 ± 6.4 | 47.6 ± 19.0 | 86.9 (42.0, 131.8) | 0.043 |
| 1-RM chest press (kg) | 55.1 ± 6.9 | 55.9 ± 6.2 | 0.4 (−0.9, 1.6) | 59.6 ± 13.5 | 68.6 ± 13.6 | 3.7 (2.6, 4.9) | 0.001 |
| m-RM chest press (reps) | 31.8 ± 8.5 | 31.6 ± 8.3 | −4.2 (−33.1, 24.8) | 24.5 ± 6.0 | 35.9 ± 14.3 | 45.6 (21.7, 69.5) | 0.020 |
| 1-RM lat pull-down (kg) | 74.1 ± 12.1 | 75.3 ± 7.7 | 4.2 (−6.3, 14.6) | 72.6 ± 7.6 | 80.2 ± 13.2 | 9.6 (−0.1, 19.3) | 0.040 |
| m-RM lat pull-down (reps) | 46.1 ± 9.9 | 46.3 ± 10.5 | 1.4 (−12.7, 15.4) | 38.3 ± 4.8 | 46.2 ± 4.5 | 20.3 (8.4, 32.3) | 0.040 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.6 ± 12.4 | 128.1 ± 10.7 | −0.4 (−7.0, 6.2) | 126.6 ± 12.7 | 116.6 ± 12.9 | −8.5 (−14.6, −2.3) | 0.048 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.6 ± 3.2 | 82.5 ± 5.3 | 1.8 (−2.3, 5.8) | 81.9 ± 6.3 | 76.6 ± 3.5 | −5.5 (−9.3, −1.7) | 0.014 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 129.4 ± 36.0 | 164.0 ± 59.5 | 58.9 (−0.71, 18.6) | 128.3 ± 27.5 | 123.6 ± 24.3 | −1.5 (−57.8, 54.7) | 0.136 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | −2.6 (−6.4, 1.3) | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | −5.6 (−9.2, −2.0) | 0.236 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.8 ± 30.3 | 190.4 ± 16.6 | 5.0 (−4.6, 14.9) | 185.1 ± 21.2 | 169.1 ± 34.2 | −8.3 (−17.6, 1.0) | 0.049 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.3 ± 22.1 | 124.1 ± 12.3 | 7.0 (−6.6, 20.5) | 107.9 ± 16.3 | 105.6 ± 26.7 | −4.7 (−17.4, 8.0) | 0.216 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41.6 ± 14.2 | 42.7 ± 10.8 | 4.8 (−3.3, 12.9) | 42.1 ± 8.6 | 38.9 ± 4.3 | −4.5 (−13.1, 4.2) | 0.115 |
| Creatininemia (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −4.7 (−8.8, −06) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | −4.2 (−8.1, −0.3) | 0.844 |
BMI: body max index; VO2max: maximal oxygen consumption; 1-RM: 1 repetition maximum; m-RM: multiple RM; BP: blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; p: level of statistical significance (bold when lower than 0.05). Absolute values are expressed as means ± SD; percentage changes are presented as means and 95% confidence interval.