Table 2.
Concentrations of circulating adipokines, cytokines, chomokines, and hs-CRP before and after the intervention.
| Variable | Control group (CON) | Exercise group (EXE) | EXE versus CON | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 16 weeks | % change | Baseline | 16 weeks | % change | p | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 5.2 ± 2.5 | 16.7 (−7.1, 40.6) | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | −33.9 (−59.3, −8.4) | 0.006 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | −3.2 (−20.5, 14.1) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | −4.8 (−23.4, 13.7) | 0.897 |
| RBP4 (μg/mL) | 27.7 ± 4.0 | 26.7 ± 5.1 | −5.6 (−12.1, 1.0) | 30.6 ± 9.7 | 22.0 ± 4.4 | −21.3 (−28.3, −14.3) | 0.003 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 2.0 (−11.5, 15.6) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | −25.3 (−39.8, −10.8) | 0.009 |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 200.4 ± 41.6 | 217.8 ± 51.9 | 11.3 (−1.2, 23.8) | 194.1 ± 42.1 | 166.4 ± 59.0 | −15.3 (−28.7, −1.9) | 0.006 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 (−5.0, 8.9) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | −19.8 (−25.4, −14.1) | 0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | −12.5 (−81.5, 56.4) | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 61.3 (5.3, 117.2) | 0.106 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 58.0 ± 11.3 | 61.3 ± 8.0 | 7.3 (1.0, 13.6) | 57.1 ± 11.4 | 66.4 ± 14.9 | 16.4 (11.3, 21.5) | 0.029 |
| IGFBP-3 (μg/mL) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.4 (−1.8, 6.5) | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 3.5 (−1.0, 8.0) | 0.705 |
RBP4: retinol-binding protein 4; IL-6: interleukin-6; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3; p: level of statistical significance (bold when lower than 0.05). Absolute values are expressed as means ± SD; percentage changes are presented as means and 95% confidence interval.