Table 1.
Factors associated with uptake of home-based HIV counselling and testing by sex.
| Males | Univariate | Multivariate | Females | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Accept HIV test | % | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | N | Accept HIV test | % | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P |
| Total | 4400 | 3526 | 80.1 | 6409 | 5181 | 80.8 | ||||||||||||
| Community | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Z2 | 583 | 471 | 80.8 | 1.15 | 0.65–2.02 | 0.87 | 0.49–1.57 | 850 | 688 | 80.9 | 1.06 | 0.63–1.78 | 0.92 | 0.54–1.58 | ||||
| Z5 | 1207 | 1097 | 90.9 | 3.74 | 2.34–6.01 | 2.90 | 1.77–4.75 | 1717 | 1559 | 90.8 | 3.19 | 2.08–2.89 | 2.80 | 1.81–4.34 | ||||
| Z8 | 1982 | 1506 | 76.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2899 | 2239 | 77.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Z10 | 628 | 452 | 72.0 | 0.77 | 0.49–1.21 | 0.73 | 0.45–1.18 | 943 | 695 | 73.7 | 0.75 | 0.49–1.14 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.35 | ||||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| 15 | 681 | 504 | 74.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 944 | 696 | 73.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 16 | 829 | 643 | 77.6 | 1.27 | 0.98–1.64 | 1.42 | 1.08–1.87 | 1197 | 962 | 80.4 | 1.52 | 1.23–1.89 | 1.69 | 1.35–2.13 | ||||
| 17 | 745 | 610 | 81.9 | 1.74 | 1.33–2.29 | 2.03 | 1.51–2.72 | 997 | 816 | 81.8 | 1.80 | 1.43–2.27 | 2.27 | 1.77–2.90 | ||||
| 18 | 1049 | 867 | 82.7 | 1.73 | 1.35–2.23 | 2.27 | 1.72–3.00 | 1610 | 1346 | 83.6 | 1.87 | 1.52–2.30 | 2.53 | 2.02–3.18 | ||||
| 19 | 1096 | 902 | 82.3 | 1.68 | 1.31–2.16 | 2.22 | 1.68–2.94 | 1661 | 1361 | 81.9 | 1.63 | 1.33–2.00 | 2.41 | 1.91–3.05 | ||||
| Previous HIV test | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Not tested | 2665 | 2235 | 83.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3406 | 2846 | 83.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 0–3 months (recently tested) | 326 | 135 | 41.4 | 0.15 | 0.11–0.19 | 0.11 | 0.08–0.15 | 746 | 404 | 54.2 | 0.24 | 0.20–0.30 | 0.20 | 0.17–0.25 | ||||
| 4–6 months | 278 | 209 | 75.2 | 0.63 | 0.46–0.87 | 0.52 | 0.37–0.72 | 513 | 431 | 84.0 | 1.12 | 0.86–1.47 | 0.90 | 0.68–1.19 | ||||
| 7–9 months | 187 | 152 | 81.3 | 1.00 | 0.67–1.51 | 0.71 | 0.46–1.08 | 384 | 328 | 85.4 | 1.17 | 0.85–1.60 | 0.96 | 0.69–1.33 | ||||
| 10–12 months | 178 | 144 | 80.9 | 0.98 | 0.64–1.50 | 0.68 | 0.44–1.06 | 340 | 286 | 84.1 | 1.21 | 0.88–1.67 | 0.97 | 0.69–1.35 | ||||
| More than12 months | 735 | 627 | 85.3 | 1.15 | 0.60–1.46 | 0.90 | 0.69–1.18 | 1001 | 869 | 86.8 | 1.30 | 1.05–1.62 | 1.02 | 0.81–1.29 | ||||
| Unknown | 31 | 24 | 77.4 | 0.58 | 0.23–1.46 | 0.51 | 0.19–1.38 | 19 | 17 | 89.5 | 1.37 | 0.29–6.40 | 1.21 | 0.25–5.81 | ||||
| Young adults 20-34 in HH ever tested by CHiPs | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| No young adult tested | 2048 | 1547 | 75.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3126 | 2393 | 76.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1 young adult tested | 1470 | 1211 | 82.4 | 1.52 | 1.27–1.82 | 1.61 | 1.33–1.96 | 2170 | 1810 | 83.4 | 1.48 | 1.27–1.72 | 1.53 | 1.31–1.79 | ||||
| 2 young adults tested | 562 | 486 | 86.5 | 1.98 | 1.50–2.61 | 1.95 | 1.46–2.62 | 751 | 664 | 88.4 | 2.30 | 1.79–2.95 | 2.26 | 1.74–2.94 | ||||
| 3 or more young adults tested | 320 | 282 | 88.1 | 2.26 | 1.56–3.28 | 2.16 | 1.46–3.20 | 362 | 314 | 86.7 | 1.83 | 1.31–2.54 | 1.59 | 1.13–2.25 | ||||
| Older adults = 35 in HH ever tested by CHiPs | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| No older adult tested | 2197 | 1700 | 77.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3727 | 2933 | 78.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1 older adult tested | 1459 | 1,204 | 82.5 | 1.32 | 1.10–1.59 | 1.31 | 1.08–1.59 | 1813 | 1513 | 83.5 | 1.34 | 1.14–1.56 | 1.36 | 1.15–1.60 | ||||
| 2 or more older adults tested | 744 | 622 | 83.6 | 1.37 | 1.08–1.74 | 1.43 | 1.10–1.84 | 869 | 735 | 84.6 | 1.39 | 1.12–1.73 | 1.42 | 1.13–1.78 | ||||
| Known HIV-positive young adults 20–34 in HH | 0.195 | 0.001 | 0.007 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 4079 | 3258 | 79.9 | 1.00 | 5911 | 4750 | 80.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 321 | 268 | 83.5 | 1.24 | 0.89–1.72 | 498 | 431 | 86.5 | 1.56 | 1.18–2.06 | 1.50 | 1.11–2.03 | ||||||
| Known HIV-positive older adults = 35 in HH | 0.712 | 0.064 | 0.004 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 3954 | 3154 | 79.8 | 1.00 | 5806 | 4685 | 80.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 1 older adult HIV-positive | 404 | 312 | 77.2 | 0.89 | 0.69–1.17 | 493 | 411 | 83.4 | 1.35 | 1.04–1.75 | 1.60 | 1.21–2.12 | ||||||
| 2 or more older adults HIV-positive | 81 | 60 | 74.1 | 0.96 | 0.55–1.68 | 110 | 85 | 77.3 | 0.98 | 0.60–1.58 | 1.09 | 0.66–1.82 | ||||||
| TB | 0.189 | 0.290 | ||||||||||||||||
| Not symptomatic | 4385 | 3513 | 80.1 | 1.00 | 6379 | 5154 | 80.8 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| On treatment | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | 5 | 4 | 80.0 | 1.03 | 0.11–9.96 | ||||||||||
| TB suspects | 14 | 12 | 85.7 | 2.67 | 0.54–13.09 | 25 | 23 | 92.0 | 2.83 | 0.65–12.43 | ||||||||
| Pregnant | 0.269 | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 6001 | 4853 | 80.9 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 371 | 300 | 80.9 | 0.85 | 0.64–1.13 | |||||||||||||
| Missing | 37 | 28 | 75.7 | |||||||||||||||
| STI | 0.034 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||
| Not symptomatic | 4363 | 3494 | 80.1 | 1.00 | 6329 | 5113 | 80.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Symptomatic | 21 | 20 | 95.2 | 5.62 | 0.73–43.30 | 59 | 56 | 94.9 | 4.97 | 1.52–16.25 | 4.62 | 1.38–15.50 | ||||||
| Missing | 16 | 12 | 75.0 | 21 | 12 | 57.1 | ||||||||||||
| Circumcision | 0.025 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| Not circumcised | 2405 | 1929 | 80.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| VMMC | 1738 | 1405 | 80.8 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 | 1.38 | 1.15–1.68 | |||||||||||
| Traditional | 138 | 105 | 76.1 | 0.64 | 0.41–0.99 | 0.68 | 0.42–1.10 | |||||||||||
| Missing | 119 | 87 | 73.1 | |||||||||||||||
Results not shown: Co-variants not associated with outcome (HB-HCT uptake) in multivariable analyses.
CHiPs, community HIV care providers; CI, confidence interval; HB-HCT, home-based HIV counselling and testing; OR, odd ratio; STI, sexually transmitted infections; TB, tuberculosis; VMMC, voluntary medical male circumcision.