Table 2. Effects of nutritional ingredients on hepatic lipids and expression of hepatic genes.
| LFD | HFD | HFD + NI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liver lipids (μg/mg protein) | |||
| liver triglycerides | 181.8 ± 23.2** | 227.7 ± 18.2 | 176.0 ± 25.3** |
| liver cholesteryl ester | 21.9 ± 3.1* | 27.4 ± 6.1 | 14.7 ± 3.4** |
| liver free cholesterol | 16.8 ± 1.9 | 17.5 ± 1.8 | 15.1 ± 0.8* |
| Hepatic gene expression (fold change relative to LFD) | |||
| tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf) | 1.00 ± 0.23 | 1.32 ± 0.53 | 0.61 ± 0.17** |
| CD68 (Cd68) | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 1.10 ± 0.25 | 0.78 ± 0.53** |
| monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (Ccl2) | 1.00 ± 0.42 | 0.84 ± 0.74 | 1.55 ± 1.22 |
| TGF-β (Tgfb1) | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 1.30 ± 0.42 | 0.89 ± 0.20* |
| alpha-1 type I collagen (Col1a1) | 1.00 ± 0.12** | 3.45 ± 2.92 | 0.56 ± 0.13*** |
| alpha-1 type V collagen (Col5a1) | 1.00 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.80 | 0.89 ± 0.20 |
LFD = Low Fat Diet; HFD = High Fat Diet + control gavage; HFD + nutritional ingredients (NI, including eCH, ARA, DHA, and gavage with LGG). Significant diet effects are shown by
*P<0.05,
**P<0.01,
***P<0.001 compared to HFD.