Table 2. PTSD prevalence in primary care populations.

Study	N of completed PTSD assessment	PTSD ascertainment tool	Mean questionnaire scores (SD)	Cutoff scores	Time period of PTSD symptoms measured	PTSD Prevalence
						Point	Lifetime	Medical records/claims
Stein et al. (2000)17	368	PCL-C	29.7 (12.5)	4 or 5 on at least 1 “B” criteria, at least 2 “C” criteria, and at least 1 “D” criteria	Past month	9%
Applegate (2001)18	431	DIS-IV	N/A	N/A	Past month	10%	21.6%
Taubman-Ben-Ari et al. (2001)19	2,975	PTSD Inventory from Soloman et al. 1987 59	Not reported	Not reported	Past month	23%
Carey et al. (2003)20	220	Adapted CIDI	N/A	N/A	Past month	19.9% (16.7% male, 21.9% female)	44.3% (42.3% male; 45.5% female)
Thulesius et al. (2004)21	1,113	PTSS-10 and IES and 7 additional items re: hyperarousal symptoms	Not reported	>35 for IES and >5 for PTSS-10	Past few days	6.5%
Gillock et al. (2005)22	232	PCL-C plus additional items to assess DSM-IV criteria E and F “Life Events Checklist”	Not reported	If met criteria A through F	Past month	9% full PTSD/25% partial PTSD
Gomez-Benevto et al. (2006)23	295	CIDI	N/A	N/A	Past month and lifetime	9%	14.5%
Kroenke et al. (2007)24	965	SCID	N/A	N/A	Past month	8.6%
Liebschutz et al. (2007)25	509	CIDI	N/A	N/A	“[C]urrent past 12 mo and lifetime PTSD documented from CIDI”	23% (95% CI,19-26%)	34%	11%
Peltzer et al. (2007)26	250	PCL-C, interview administered; Trauma History Questionnaire	M 3.5 (SD not provided)	3+ (“cluster scoring”)	Past month	12.4%
Cwikel et al. (2008)27	976	“PTSD Checklist--21 items”	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	2.9%
Fedovskiy et al. (2008)28	105	Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale “structured interview”	Not reported	≥28 out of 49	Past month	19%
Fogarty et al. (2008)29	367	Short screen from Breslau et al.60	Not reported	4+	Past month	14.6%
Duran et al. (2009)30	234	CIDI	N/A	N/A	Past year	14.5%
Freedy et al. (2010)31	411	CAPS (modified for telephone interview rather than face-to-face)	N/A	N/A	Past month	32.1% (19.4% male; 34.8% female)
Gaynes et al. (2010)32	647	MINI	Not reported	≥ 2	Past month	6.3%
Wrenn et al. (2011)33	767	PSS	Not reported	“A categorical variable that serves as a proxy for PTSD was created based on DSM-IV A-E criterion responses to the PSS questionnaire (A, presence of trauma; B, presence of at least 1 intrusive symptoms; C, presence of at lease 3 avoidance/numbing symptoms; and D, presence of at least 2 hyperarousal symptoms; and E, present for at least 1 month).”	Past month	30%
Vera et al. (2012)34	3,568	PC-PTSD	Not reported	3+	Past month	14%
Bunevicius et al. (2014)35	988	MINI	Not reported	Not reported	Past two weeks	2%
Preville et al. (2014)36	1,765	PTSS Scale	7.5 (9.6)	10	6-months	11.1%
Bener et al. (2015)37	1475	Arabic WMH-CIDI-10 (verson 3.0)	N/A	N/A	Past month	10.5%
Special Risk Populations (Refugee/Immigrant)
Eisenman et al. (2003)38	512	PCL-C	Not reported	Not reported	Past month	12.5% (18% if exposed to violence, 8% if not exposed)
Eytan et al. (2007)39	101	Adapted MINI	1st criteria 83%, 2nd criteria 59%, 3rd avoidance 28%, 4th criteria 24%, 5th criteria 24%	Not reported	Past month	23.8%
Aragona et al. (2013)40	391	Harvard Trauma Questionnaire	Not reported	2.5	Past month	10.2%
Veterans
Dobie et al. (2002)41	282	CAPS	N/A	N/A	Past month	36%
Mori et al. (2003)42	309	BAI-PC	BAI-PC mean 4.27 range 0-21	BAI-PC cutoff 5 and above; PCL ≥50	“Current PTSD”	12%
Prins et al. (2003)43	167	CAPS	N/A	N/A	Past month	24.5%
Escalona et al. (2004)44	264 (134 veterans and 130 non-veteran controls)	CIDI	N/A	N/A	Lifetime		27%
Magruder et al. (2005)45	746	CAPS	N/A	N/A	Past month	11.5%
Spiro et al. (2006)46	2,262	PCL-M	PTSD+ M=56.1, SD=12.3, range 31-85 (does not list these measures for the group as a whole)	Not reported	Past month	20%
Seal et al. (2007)47	103,788	Medical record review, ICD-9 code	N/A	N/A	Diagnosis present in the medical record			13%
Funderburk et al. (2008)48	10,043	PC-PTSD	Not reported	≥3 means “at risk”	Past month			3.5%
Kinder et al. (2008)50	35,715	ICD-9 or self-report	N/A	N/A	Lifetime			12.1%
Andersen et al. (2010)51	4,416	Medical record review, ICD-9 dx by primary care provider	N/A	N/A	Past month symptoms, screen given yearly, diagnosed within 6 years of the study			14.5%
Haskell et al. (2010)52	1,129	PC-PTSD	Not reported	≥3 means “at risk”	Past month			31.1% (33% male; 21% female)
McDevitt-Murphy et al. (2010)53	151	PCL-M	Not reported	50	Past month	39.1%
Zivin et al. (2010)54	2,536,727	Medical record review, dx method not reported	N/A	N/A	Diagnosis present in the medical record			4.2%
Mitchell et al. (2014)55	492	Medical record review, ICD-9 code	N/A	N/A	Diagnosis present in the medical record			26.8%
Mohanty et al. (2015)56	78,435	Medical record review, ICD-9 code	N/A	N/A	Diagnosis present in the medical record			29.2%
Trivedi et al. (2015)57	4,461,208	Medical record review, ICD-9 code	N/A	N/A	Diagnosis present in the medical record			9%
Wingenfeld et al. (2015)58	613	CAPS	N/A	N/A	Past month and lifetime	32.5%		48.8%

Abbreviations: BAI-PC: Beck Anxiety Inventory-Primary Care; BPHQ: Brief Patient Health Questionnaire; CAPS: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CIDI: Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIS-IV: diagnostic interview schedule for DSM-IV; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition; Dx: diagnosis; ICD-9: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; IES: Impact of Event Scale; MINI: Mini-international Neuropsychological Interview; PC-PTSD: Primary Care PTSD Screen; PCL-C: PTSD checklist-civilian; PCL-M: PTSD checklist-military; PTSS: Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome; PCL: PTSD checklist; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSS-10: Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10; SCID: Structured Clinical Interview; VA: Veterans Affairs; WMH: World Mental Health