Table 1.
Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Change in Smoking Status Following Myocardial Infarction
| Author | Year | Country | n | Definition of SES | Effect Direction | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altenhoener et al. (66) | 2012 | Germany | 543 | Composite measure | −* | OR of continued smoking lower in medium and higher SES groups (ORs 0.27, 0.31) |
| Gerber et al. (a) (67) | 2011 | Israel | 768 | Education | −* | OR of continued smoking 0.80 for each additional 4 years of education |
| Greenwood et al. (36) | 1995 | UK | 532 | Composite measure | −* | OR for stopping smoking 0.80 for lower social classes |
| Ockene et al. (68) | 1985 | USA | 200 | Education | −* | Discriminate function coefficient of −0.397 in a model differentiating current and ex-smokers |
| Smith et al. (37) | 2009 | Canada | 248 | Education | −* | Higher education predicts higher cessation at 12 months (OR 2.34) |
| Wray et al. (45) | 1998 | USA | 2,391 | Education | −* | Each additional year of education beyond HS increased odds of quitting by 44% |
| Attebring et al. (69) | 2004 | Sweden | 1,320 | Job type | − | 44% of those with manual labor jobs quit vs. 61% with non-manual jobs |
| Conroy et al. (70) | 1986 | USA | 299 | Job type | − | Probability of continued abstinence correlated with job type (Tau=−0.22, p=0.003). |
| Tofler et al. (71) | 1993 | USA | 816 | Education | − | Those with less than HS education less likely to be quit at 6 months (38% vs. 49%) |
| Chan et al. (72) | 2008 | Canada | 1,801 | Income | =* | Smoking cessation did not differ by educational attainment |
| Dawood et al. (3) | 2008 | USA | 834 | Education | =* | No differences in abstinence at 6 months by SES |
| Quist-Paulsen et al. (73) | 2005 | Norway | 218 | Education | =* | Education did not predict cessation at 12 months |
| Hajeck et al. (74) | 2002 | UK | 540 | Education | =* | Education was a univariate but not multivariate predictor of cessation at 12 months |
| Dornelas et al. (75) | 2000 | USA | 100 | Education | = | No differences in abstinence at 6 months by SES |
| Rallidis et al. (76) | 2005 | Greece | 607 | Education | = | Education did not predict cessation at 30 months |
| Shapiro et al. (77) | 1970 | USA | 564 | Job type | + | Those with a blue collar job more likely to quit (35% vs. 27%) |
Note: Significance is defined as the original author's determination of statistical significance. A criterion of p < .05 was used across all studies. A + denotes low-SES is correlated with behavior change, an = denotes no significant relationship and a − denotes low-SES is negatively correlated with behavior change. An * denotes studies using positively multivariate analyses that accounted for other common predictors of behavior change such as age, gender, race and history and severity of disease.