Table 2.
Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation and Adherence Following Myocardial Infarction
| Author | Year | Country | n | Definition of SES | Effect Direction | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dunlay et al. (38) | 2009 | USA | 179 | Education | −* | Those with post-secondary education more likely to attend CR (OR 3.32) |
| Jin et al. (39) | 2014 | China | 328 | Education | −* | Those with lower education are less likely to attend CR (OR 8.13) |
| Melville et al. (78) | 1999 | UK | 464 | Composite measure | −* | Each unit increase in deprivation score reduces odds of attending CR by 8–15% (ORs 0.92, 0.85) |
| Nielsen et al. (8) | 2008 | Denmark | 200 | Income | −* | Low-income patients less likely to attend CR (OR 0.20) |
| Oldridge (79) | 1984 | Canada | 733 | Job type | −* | Dropout from CR higher for those in blue collar jobs (adjusted RR 1.71) |
| Pell et al. (80) | 1996 | Scotland | 316 | Composite measure | −* | Each unit increase in deprivation score reduces odds of completing CR (OR 0.96) |
| Suaya et al (40) | 2007 | USA | 267,427 | Insurance type | −* | Those with Medicaid insurance are less likely to attend CR (adjusted OR 0.44) |
| Alter et al. (81) | 2013 | Canada | 1,368 | Income | − | 37% of low-income patients attended CR vs 60% of higher-income |
| Ramm et al. (82) | 2001 | New Zealand | 324 | Education | − | Those with secondary school or less were less likely to attend CR (p<0.05) |
| Stern & Cleary (83) | 1981 | USA | 784 | Composite measure | − | Those dropping out of CR were more likely to be lower-social class (46% of dropouts vs. 34% of completers) |
| Young et al., (84) | 1990 | USA | 246 | Education | − | Patients with lower educational attainment were less likely to enroll in CR (RR 0.40) |
| Lane et al. (85) | 2001 | UK | 263 | Education | =* | Education was not a significant predictor in multivariate models |
| Winberg & Fridlund (86) | 2002 | Sweden | 200 | Education | = | Educational attainment did not predict CR attendance |
| Altenhoener et al. (66) | 2005 | Germany | 536 | Composite measure | + | 90% of low- and middle-income patients went to CR compared to 78% of high-income patients |
Note: Significance is defined as the original author's determination of statistical significance. A criterion of p < .05 was used across all studies. A + denotes low-SES is correlated with behavior change, an = denotes no significant relationship and a − denotes low-SES is negatively correlated with behavior change. An * denotes studies using positively multivariate analyses that accounted for other common predictors of behavior change such as age, gender, race and history and severity of disease.