. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 8.

Published in final edited form as: Antivir Ther. 2017 Jan 5;22(5):421–429. doi: 10.3851/IMP3124

Table 3.

Multivariable adjusted associations with urine biomarker concentrations among HIV-infected MACS participants (N=813)

Parameter	IL-18	KIM-1	PIIINP	ACR

	% Estimate¹ (95% CI)	% Estimate (95% CI)	% Estimate (95% CI)	% Estimate (95% CI)
Age (per decade)	13 (4, 22) ^**	25 (15, 35)^**	18 (9, 27) ^***	35 (20, 52) ^***
African-American vs. Caucasian	54 (32, 79)^***	−9 (−21, 6)	17 (2, 36)^*	36 (9, 69) ^**
CD4 Count (per doubling)	−15 (−22, −7) ^***	−14 (−20, −6) ^***	−14 (−20, −6) ^***	−25 (−33, −15) ^***
Hepatitis C infection	39 (11, 74) ^**	33 (7, 65)^*	35 (9, 68) ^**	69 (23, 133)^**
HIV viral load (per 10-fold increase)	22 (13, 31) ^***	-	-	-
HDL (per 10 mg/dL)	−6 (−10, −2) ^**	-	-	-
Waist circumference (per 10 cm)	-	7 (1, 14) ^*	-	-
SBP (per 10 mmHg)	-	-	-	17 (10, 25) ^***
Antihypertensive use	-	-	-	45 (18, 79) ^***
Triglycerides (per doubling)	-	-	-	33 (18, 49) ^***
Current smoking	-	-	-	41 (14, 74) ^**

Models adjust for factors displayed beneath each biomarker and cumulative TDF exposure

Estimated percentage difference in biomarker attributable to each factor

^{*,**, ***}

denote P-value <.05, <.01, <.001, respectively

Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IL-18, interleukin-18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; PIIINP, procollagen type III amino-terminal pro-peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure.