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. 2017 Jul 6;7:301. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00301

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Copyright © 2017 Gisder, Schüler, Horchler, Groth and Genersch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Temporal patterns of prevalence of single infections with N. ceranae or N. apis and of co-infections detected in spring samples between 2005 and 2016. (A) Prevalence data for N. ceranae-, N. apis-, and co-infections in spring are plotted against year. (B) Data sets for prevalence of N. ceranae-, N. apis-, and co-infections in spring were fitted by Linear Mixed-Effects Models to visualize the relationship between the independent variables (year) and the dependent variables N. ceranae- (B), N. apis- (C), and co-infections (D). Regression lines visualizing trends for N. ceranae- (B; solid red line), N. apis- (C; solid green line), and co-infection (D; solid blue line) prevalence are shown; ribbons represent the 2nd and 3rd quartile (25–75%) of the predicted data of the model.