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. 2017 Jul 5;7:4708. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04830-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phylogeny of complete mtDNAs from 111 buffalo mitogenomes. The topology was inferred by maximum parsimony (Supplementary Dataset S2). A maximum likelihood time scale, based on synonymous substitutions, is indicated below the tree. The standard error for the major nodes are represented by dot lines, further details are available in Table 1. Samples are indicated by 89 different haplotype IDs (Supplementary Dataset S1). The insert shows the geographic distribution of major haplogroups based on these complete mtDNAs. Samples from China have been divided into three regions (Yangtze Valley, Southwest China and Southeast China). The map has been drawn by hand in Adobe Photoshop (v. 8.0; http://www.adobe.com).