Table 2.
Cox regression analysis of type 2 diabetes in men.
| Non-diabetes (n = 61141) | Diabetes (n = 3734) | Crude | Adjustedc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Demographic Variables | ||||||
| Ag ≥65 years | 5.8 (3560) | 8.4 (314) | 1.94*** | [1.73,2.18] | 2.19*** | [1.94,2.47] |
| Family history of diabetes (yes) | 21.9 (13405) | 31.0 (1157) | 1.69*** | [1.57,1.81] | 1.59*** | [1.48,1.70] |
| Hypertension (yes) | 17.3 (10580) | 30.9 (1154) | 2.56*** | [2.38,2.74] | 1.83*** | [1.70,1.97] |
| BMI ≥27 kg/m2 | 14.7 (8977) | 32.8 (1224) | 3.24*** | [3.03,3.47] | 1.82*** | [1.69,1.96] |
| Health Behavior | ||||||
| Smoking (yes) | 36.2 (22114) | 40.5 (1513) | 1.23*** | [1.15,1.31] | 1.18*** | [1.10,1.27] |
| Drinking (yes) | 29.2 (17834) | 35.0 (1305) | 1.16*** | [1.08,1.24] | 1.08* | [1.00,1.16] |
| Physical activity (activea) | 55.7 (34059) | 53.8 (2008) | 0.85*** | [0.80,0.91] | NAc | |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Total cholesterol >240 mg/dL | 12.0 (7364) | 17.2 (642) | 1.49*** | [1.37,1.63] | 1.18*** | [1.08,1.28] |
| TG >200 or >150 mg/dLb | 9.3 (5672) | 22.7 (846) | 2.28*** | [2.12,2.47] | 1.33*** | [1.23,1.45] |
| HDL-C ≥40 mg/dL | 73.0 (44613) | 59.5 (2184) | 0.66*** | [0.62,0.71] | 0.81*** | [0.75,0.87] |
| NAFLD (yes) | 41.1 (25147) | 61.4 (2294) | 3.09*** | [2.89,3.30] | 2.08*** | [1.93,2.23] |
| ALT >33 U/L | 32.2 (19704) | 49.8 (1858) | 2.31*** | [2.16,2.46] | 1.27*** | [1.16,1.38] |
| AST >27 U/L | 24.5 (15005) | 38.2 (1428) | 2.12*** | [1.99,2.27] | 1.23*** | [1.13,1.34] |
| GGT ≥50 U/L | 12.7 (7735) | 24.8 (927) | 2.70*** | [2.50,2.90] | 1.58*** | [1.46,1.72] |
| ALP >220 or >104 U/Lb | 2.7 (1621) | 4.6 (171) | 1.60*** | [1.37,1.86] | 1.37*** | [1.17,1.60] |
The values were described as frequency (n). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 95% CI in brackets. Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non alcoholic fatty acid disease; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase. aActive: metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours per week ≥3.75. bBecause a new analyzer was used in 2005, the abnormal range for TG is >200 mg/dL (2000–2004) or >150 mg/dL (2005-); for ALP is >220 U/L (2000–2004) or >104 U/L (2005-). cMultiple cox regression. Because the proportional hazard assumption was not satisfied for physical activity, the model was stratified by physical activity.