Table 4.
Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of type 2 diabetes in men (stratification for liver-related enzymes).
| Non-diabetes (n = 61141) | Diabetes (n = 3734) | Adjustedc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | |||
| Demographic Variables | % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Age ≥65 years | 5.8 (3560) | 8.4 (314) | 2.21*** | [1.95,2.49] |
| Family history of diabetes (yes) | 21.9 (13405) | 31.0 (1157) | 1.58*** | [1.47,1.70] |
| Hypertension (yes) | 17.3 (10580) | 30.9 (1154) | 1.83*** | [1.70,1.97] |
| BMI ≥27 kg/m2 | 14.7 (8977) | 32.8 (1224) | 1.80*** | [1.67,1.94] |
| Health Behavior | ||||
| Smoking (yes) | 36.2 (22114) | 40.5 (1513) | 1.18*** | [1.10,1.27] |
| Drinking (yes) | 29.2 (17834) | 35.0 (1305) | 1.09* | [1.02,1.17] |
| Physical activity (activea) | 55.7 (34059) | 53.8 (2008) | NAc | |
| Clinical | ||||
| Total cholesterol >240 mg/dL | 12.0 (7364) | 17.2 (642) | 1.18*** | [1.08,1.28] |
| TG >200 or >150 mg/dLb | 9.3 (5672) | 22.7 (846) | 1.34*** | [1.23,1.45] |
| HDL-C ≥40 mg/dL | 73.0 (44613) | 59.5 (2184) | 0.81*** | [0.75,0.87] |
| NAFLD (yes) | 41.1 (25147) | 61.4 (2294) | 2.08*** | [1.93,2.24] |
| ALT (U/L) | ||||
| (33–63] | 24.8 (15160) | 33.2 (1238) | 1.24*** | [1.14,1.35] |
| (63 –] | 7.4 (4544) | 16.6 (620) | 1.44*** | [1.24,1.67] |
| AST (U/L) | ||||
| (27–40] | 18.8 (11493) | 25.3 (943) | 1.12* | [1.02,1.23] |
| (40 –] | 5.7 (3512) | 13.0 (485) | 1.36*** | [1.17,1.58] |
| GGT (U/L) | ||||
| [50–100) | 9.7 (5935) | 18.6 (696) | 1.49*** | [1.35,1.63] |
| [100 –] | 2.9 (1800) | 6.2 (231) | 1.59*** | [1.37,1.84] |
| ALP (U/L) | ||||
| (220–265] or (104–125]b | 2.8 (1714) | 4.1 (153) | 1.30** | [1.11,1.54] |
| (265 –] or (125 –]b | 0.8 (459) | 1.2 (52) | 1.54** | [1.16,2.03] |
95% confidence intervals (CI) in brackets. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non alcoholic fatty acid disease; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.
aActive: metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours per week ≥3.75. bBecause a new analyzer was used in 2005, the abnormal range for TG is >200 mg/dL (2000–2004) or >150 mg/dL (2005-); the cut-points for high ALP are >220 (2000–2004) or >104 (2005-) and for extreme high level are >265 U/L (2000–2004) or >125 U/L (2005-). cBecause the proportional hazard assumption was not satisfied for physical activity, the multiple cox regression model was stratified by physical activity.