Table I.

Selected Pharmacogenomic Variants Selected for Allelic Variation in VPA Dose, Response and Pharmacodynamics in Human Populations. Noncoding SNPs that Identified Regulatory Elements, Including Enhancers and Promoters

SNP	GENEa	TYPE	deltaSVM SCOREb	DISEASE	EFFECT	EFFECT SIZE	REF
rs2857654_A	CCL2	Enhancer	−2.275704	Epilepsy	Response in children	1.45 (1.06–1.99)	(31)
rs3764028_G	GRIN2B	Promoter	−5.097029	Epilepsy	Dose range	1.7553 (1.219–2.291)	(32)
rs2269577_G	XBP1	Promoter	4.710044	BPD	Responsec	1.2754 (0.329–2.221)	(33)

^aRefSeq nomenclature

^bdeltaSVM is a machine learning algorithm that determines the causal nature of gene variants, including DNAse I hypersensitivity and allele bias (21)

^cTotal treatment response score, Kruskal–Wallis test for valproate prophylactic treatment response. BPD: Bipolar disorder, sample containing patients with BPD 1 and BPD 2. Effect sizes generated using Cohen’s D-test adjusted for sample size