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. 2017 Jul 5;7:4695. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04835-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of pBMP-9 and SpBMP-9 on the morphology of SH-SY5Y cells and neurite length. (A) Modified phase-contrast pictures of SH-SY5Y cells stimulated for 5d with equimolar concentrations (0, 0.1 and 1 nM) of BMP-9, pBMP-9 and SpBMP-9 +/− 10 μM RA. Pictures are representative of at least 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate. Neurites and cell bodies were highlighted with an edge-detection filter and superimposed (blue edges) on the original phase contrast image (Bar = 100 μm). (B) Average neurite length of SH-SY5Y cells stimulated for 5d with equimolar concentration of BMP-9, pBMP-9 or SpBMP-9 (0.1 and 1 nM) +/− 10 μM RA determined as the Euclidean distance between the end of neurites and the cell body. Results are the means ± SEM of at least 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate, where a total of over 300 measurements were taken per experimental condition (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).