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. 2017 Jul 5;7:4691. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04132-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological analysis of WT and VGF-overexpressing mice. Body weight (t = 0.643, df = 21, p = 0.527) (A) and brain weight (B) of adult WT and VGF-overexpressing mice (t = 6.136, df = 21, p < 0.001). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (WT, n = 10; Tg, n = 13), **p < 0.01 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test). (C) Representative photomicrographs show coronal sections stained with cresyl violet in WT and VGF-overexpressing mice. Scale bar = 1000 µm. Right panels show enlargements of the lateral ventricle region. Scale bar = 300 µm. (D) The lateral ventricle region in WT and VGF-overexpressing mice is visualized per section in a ventral to dorsal manner. Genotype; F (1, 8) = 13.491, p < 0.001, section; F (18, 144) = 32.716, p < 0.001, genotype × section; F (18, 144) = 3.223, p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (4: t = −3.015, df = 8, p = 0.017, 5: t = −6.312, df = 8, p < 0.001, 6: t = −6.789, df = 8, p < 0.001, 7: t = −8.040, df = 8, p < 0.001, 8: t = −5.145, df = 8, p = 0.001, 9: t = −3.260, df = 8, p = 0.012, 11: t = −5.042, df = 8, p = 0.001, 17: t = −2.375, df = 8, p = 0.045, 18: t = −2.579, df = 8, p = 0.033, 19: t = −3.039, df = 8, p = 0.016). In the same mice as above, the lateral ventricle volume (t = −3.560, df = 8, p = 0.007) (E), whole brain volume (t = 3.177, df = 8, p = 0.013) (F), and ratio of lateral ventricle volume to whole brain volume (t = −4.156, df = 8, p = 0.003) (G) was measured. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (WT, n = 5; Tg n = 5), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test). (H) Diagram of the brain section indicates the five regions measured for length using cresyl violet. The width of each brain region was defined as follows: whole brain = d4, striatum = d3 − d2, motor cortex = d5, somatosensory cortex = d4–d3, and septum = d4. (I) Width of the whole brain, striatum, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and septum of WT and VGF-overexpressing mice (whole brain: t = −0.020, df = 18, p = 0.984, striatum: t = 2.315, df = 18, p = 0.033, temporal lobe: t = 1.613, df = 18, p = 0.124, parietal lobe: t = 1.466, df = 18, p = 0.160, septum: t = 0.292, df = 18, p = 0.774). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (WT, n = 11; Tg, n = 9), *p < 0.05 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test).