Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Jul 5;7:4691. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04132-7

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited hyperactivity in home cage and novel environment. (A–G) Open field test. Mice were placed in an open field, and their locomotion was assessed for 120 min. WT (n = 22), VGF-overexpressing mice (n = 20). (A) Total distance was scored for each 10 min period. Genotype; F (1, 40) = 15.524, p < 0.001, time; F (11, 440) = 81.235, p < 0.001, genotype × time; F (11, 440) = 1.283, p = 0.231, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (0–10: t = −3.894, df = 40, p < 0.001, 10–20: t = −2.542, df = 40, p = 0.015, 20–30: t = −2.856, df = 40, p = 0.007, 30–40: t = −2.555, df = 40, p = 0.015, 50–60: t = −3.487, df = 40, p = 0.001, 60–70: t = −4.082, df = 40, p < 0.001, 70–80: t = −3.386, df = 40, p = 0.002, 80–90: t = −2.867, df = 40, p = 0.007, 100–110: t = −2.556, df = 40, p = 0.014, 110–120: t = −3.104, df = 40, p = 0.003). (B) Representative images show typical examples of exploring behavior of WT and VGF-overexpressing mice during the first 10 min of the open field test. (C) Total distance of first 60 min (t = −3.188, df = 40, p = 0.003). (D) Total distance during last 60 min (t = −3.807, df = 40, p < 0.001). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test). (E) The number of jumps during first 10 min of the open field test. Actual number of jumps observed in individual mice (p = 0.020). *p < 0.05 vs. WT mice (Mann–Whitney U-test). (F) Time spent in the center was scored for each 10 min period. Genotype; F (1, 40) = 8.108, p = 0.007, time; F (11, 440) = 14.652, p < 0.001, genotype × time; F (11, 440) = 0.937, p = 0.504, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (40–50: t = −4.171, df = 40, p < 0.001, 70–80: t = −1.911, df = 40, p = 0.027, 100–110: t = −2.219, df = 40, p = 0.032, 110–120: t = −3.121, df = 40, p = 0.003) (G) Time spent in the center throughout 120 min (t = −2.847, df = 40, p = 0.007). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test). (H,I) Locomotor activity test. Mice were placed into an open field, and their locomotion was assessed every hour for 1 day after 24 h of acclimatization (n = 8). (H) Locomotor activity throughout the 24-h period. Day: genotype; F (1, 14) = 0.001, p = 0.979, time; F (11, 154) = 1.431, p = 0.164, genotype × time; F (11, 154) = 0.920, p = 0.523, night: genotype; F (1, 14) = 5.112, p = 0.040, time; F (11, 154) = 10.352, p < 0.001, genotype × time; F (11, 154) = 1.220, p = 0.278, total: genotype; F (1, 14) = 3.729, p = 0.074, time; F (23, 322) = 14.065, p < 0.001, genotype × time; F (23, 322) = 1.569, p = 0.049, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (t = −2.844, df = 14, p _1–2 = 0.013). (I) locomotor activity was analyzed separately during the day and night (day: t = −0.026, df = 14, p = 0.979, night: t = −2.261, df = 14, p = 0.040, t = −1.931, df = 14, p = 0.074). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 vs. WT mice (Student’s t-test).