Table 2.
Evolution of antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from 2004 to 2013 in Indian Ocean Commission.
| Country/year | Population | Study design | Sample type | Isolates number | ESBL carriers/individuals tested | ESBLE/Enterobacteriaceae tested | AMX | AMC | CAZ/CEF | GEN | NAL | CIP | SXT | Bacterial species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madagascar 2004–2006 | Com | Laboratory surveillance | Urine | 775 | NI | 3.8% | 76.4% | 15.6% | 4.0%/- | 9.2% | 24.5% | 15.4% | 64.8% | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. | (40) |
| Mauritius 2005 | Com | Laboratory surveillance | Urine | 224 | NI | 12.9% | NI | 1.60% | -/9.0% | 9.9% | 34.0% | 26.4% | 49.5% | E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. | (48) |
| Reunion 2006–2007 | Hosp | Laboratory surveillance | Unknown (diagnostic specimen) | 240a | NI | 5.8% | NI | NI | NI | 67.0% | NI | 74.0% | 75.0% | E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, K. pneumoniae | (32) |
| Madagascar 2006–2008 | Hosp | Laboratory surveillance | Surgical wounds, pus, burn, urine, respiratory | 249 | NI | 21.3% | 91.0% | 69.0% | 26.0%/26.0% | 31.0% | 52.0% | 41.0% | 71.0% | E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. | (15) |
| Madagascar 2008 | Hosp | Cohort study | Stool | 30a | 57.10% | NI | 100.0% | 100.0% | 86.2% | 91.4% | 62.0% | 50.0% | 96.5% | E. coli, K. pneumoniae | (41) |
| Madagascar 2008 | Com | Cohort study | Stool | 58a | 22.10% | NI | 100.0% | 100.0% | 90.0% | 76.7% | 63.3% | 46.7% | 93.3% | E. coli, K. pneumoniae | (41) |
| Madagascar 2008–2009 | Com | Cross-sectional study | Stool | 195 | NI | 3.1% | 82.1% | 1.0% | 1.5%/3.1% | 1.0% | 10.8% | 3.1% | 84.6% | E. coli | (49) |
| Madagascar 2009 | Com | Cross-sectional study | Stool | 53a | NI | NI | 100.0% | 98.0% | NI | NI | 68.6% | 60.8% | 90.2% | E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. | (42) |
| Mauritius 2010 | Hosp | Laboratory surveillance | Unknown (diagnostic specimen) | 195 | NI | NI | NI | NI | 46.7% | 50.6% | NI | 39.2% | NI | E. coli, K. pneumoniae | (16) |
| Madagascar 2011–2013 | Com | Laboratory surveillance | Urine | 224a | NI | 33.0% | 80.8% | 58.0% | 30.4%- 30.4% | NI | NI | NI | 69.2% | E. coli, Citrobacter spp., K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Serratia spp. | (17) |
| Madagascar 2013–2014 | Pregnant women | Cohort study | Stool | 66a | 18.5% | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 36.0% | NI | E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, K pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii | (43) |
| Mauritius 2014 | Hosp | Laboratory surveillance | Blood culture, pus, burn, urine, swab, respiratory intravascular catheter | 301 | NI | NI | NI | NI | 50.7% | 33.2% | NI | 56.1% | NI | E. coli, K. pneumoniae | (18) |
AMX, amoxicillin; AMC, amoxicillin + claviculanic acid; CAZ, ceftazidime; SXT, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; GEN, gentamicin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; NAL, nalidixic acid; CEF, cefotaxim; NI, not identified; ESBLE, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.
aESBL isolates only.