Table 1.
Baseline comparison of intervention groups.
| SMT n = 28 | Placebo n = 27 | Enhanced placebo n = 27 | No treatment control n = 28 | Total sample n = 110 | p- value for difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% female) | 21/28 (75.0) | 17/27 (63.0) | 20/27 (74.1) | 19/28 (68.0) | 77/110 (70.0) | 0.74 |
| Age (years) | 32.07 (10.98) | 33.22 (13.29) | 31.56 (11.85) | 29.85 (12.09) | 31.68 (11.85) | 0.78 |
| Education (years) | 16.04 (2.33) | 15.59 (2.50) | 15.89 (2.38) | 16.57 (2.60) | 16.03 (2.45) | 0.51 |
| Duration of LBP (weeks) (median, interquartile range) | 12 (164.50) | 24 (100) | 36 (543) | 4 (108) | 16.03 (153) | 0.43 |
| ODI | 17.04 (9.17) | 14.22 (8.56) | 17.92 (13.31) | 20.04 (15.27) | 17.32 (11.95) | 0.35 |
| Pain (NRS) | 45.26 (26.21) | 43.78 (22.45) | 37.89 (22.13) | 33.93 (26.21) | 40.16 (23.33) | 0.24 |
| Mood (VAS) | ||||||
| Depression | 18.81 (21.00) | 15.04 (16.39) | 12.52 (16.64) | 14.65 (23.09) | 15.23 (19.34) | 0.43 |
| Anxiety | 22.04 (16.00) | 17.88 (15.54) | 19.22 (18.81) | 24.81 (27.66) | 21.00 (20.01) | 0.18 |
| Frustration | 25.50 (20.54) | 23.64 (17.96) | 22.30 (22.47) | 29.15 (29.17) | 25.13 (22.77) | 0.57 |
| Anger | 6.19 (8.34) | 8.60 (9.99) | 7.96 (10.96) | 15.85 (25.52) | 9.64 (15.56) | 0.41 |
| Fear | 10.35 (10.96) | 11.32 (15.17) | 10.15 (16.82) | 16.38 (23.68) | 12.04 (17.23) | 0.37 |
| Attitudes (VAS) | ||||||
| Use medical treatment | 36.19 (30.31) | 50.12 (37.08) | 38.56 (32.27) | 52.36 (37.54) | 44.12 (34.57) | 0.83 |
| Use non- medical treatment | 67.42 (26.45) | 70.32 (26.32) | 68.15 (30.23) | 52.40 (34.18) | 64.67 (29.87) | 0.28 |
| Participate in future studies in general | 78.44 (21.87) | 79.32 (16.96) | 79.81 (23.41) | 77.16 (20.81) | 78.71 (20.66) | 0.70 |
| Participate in future studies in our lab | 80.80 (20.00) | 82.68 (14.63) | 77.33 (24.83) | 76.04 (21.43) | 79.18 (20.52) | 0.64 |
| Like experimenters in general | 73.19 (24.40) | 74.60 (21.02) | 69.74 (25.67) | 73.56 (22.84) | 72.72 (23.32) | 0.72 |
| Like experimenters in this study | 64.68 (22.19) | 72.80 (20.80) | 72.73 (22.57) | 73.54 (22.85) | 70.93 (22.08) | 0.29 |
| Trust experimenters in general | 63.50 (21.53) | 67.76 (18.07) | 68.30 (26.12) | 74.24 (23.51) | 68.40 (22.56) | 0.80 |
| Trust experimenters in this study | 71.52 (22.59) | 75.20 (19.35) | 71.70 (24.47) | 75.58 (24.81) | 73.45 (22.65) | 0.43 |
Notes: All data are reported as mean (standard deviation) ratings unless otherwise noted.
Abbreviations: LBP = low back pain, NRS = Numeric Rating Scale, ODI = Oswestry Disability Index, VAS = visual analog scale.