Table 1.
Maternal characteristics, antenatal clinic attendance and birth outcomes at a primary, secondary and tertiary level facility in inner-city Johannesburg, South Africa
| Variable | Primary care clinic (HCHC) | Secondary level hospital (SRH) | Tertiary hospital (CMJAH) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n/N) | % (n/N) | % (n/N) | ||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| 10–16 | 1.2 (88/7543) | - | 1.3 (252/19,523) | <0.001 |
| 17–19 | 9.7 (731/7543) | 6.3 (1224/19,523) | ||
| 20–24 | 38.3 (2894/7543) | 26.4 (5154/19,523) | ||
| 25–29 | 30.2 (2275/7543) | 31.1 (6065/19,523) | ||
| 30–34 | 14.3 (1082/7543) | 20.7 (4051/19,523) | ||
| ≥ 35 | 6.3 (473/7543) | 14.2 (2777/19,523) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | - | - | 55.9 (6461/11,554) | - |
| 2–4 | 40.0 (4616/11,554) | |||
| ≥ 5 | 4.1 (477/11,554) | |||
| Gravidity | ||||
| 1 | - | - | 30.3 (5708/19,382) | - |
| 2–4 | 54.3 (10,664/19,382) | |||
| ≥ 5 | 15.4 (3010/19,382) | |||
| Attendance at ANCb | ||||
| Worst case scenarioa | 77.1 (5813/7543) | 89.0 (3661/4113) | 93.1 (18,177/19,523) | <0.001 |
| Missing are excludedb | 77.1 (5813/7541) | 99.1 (3661/3693) | 97.0 (18,177/18,745) | <0.001 |
| Best case scenarioc | 77.1 (5813/7543 | 99.2 (4081/4113) | 97.1 (18,955/19,523) | <0.001 |
| Had an HIV test | 68.5 (5167/7543) | 88.0 (3621/4113) | 93.6 (18,276/19,523) | <0.001 |
| HIV positived | 36.7 (1897/5167) | 23.9 (867/3621) | 29.8 (5452/18,276) | <0.001 |
| Caesarean section rate | NA | 24.0 (984/4102) | 54.1 (10,304/19,048) | <0.001 |
| Infant sex | ||||
| Female | 51.0 (3833/7520) | 49.4 (2031/4110) | 48.9 (8636/17,653) | 0.01 |
| Male | 49.0 (3687/7520) | 50.6 (2079/4110) | 51.1% (9017/17,653) | |
| Gestation at birth | ||||
| Preterm | 0.3 (26/7543) | 1.1 (47/4113) | 26.9 (5125/19,022) | <0.001 |
| Term | 99.7 (7517/7543) | 98.7 (4058/4113) | 68.3 (12,989/19,022) | |
| Post-term | 0 (0/7543) | 0.2 (8/4113) | 4.8 (908/19,022) | |
| Stillbirthe (n deaths per 1000 live births) | 4.3/1000 (32/7510) | 3.9/1000 (16/4093) | 28.0/1000 (487/17,401) | <0.001 |
NA not applicable as caesarean sections not done at HCHC.
–Data not collected in labour ward registers
aWorst case scenario: number of women who attended ANC among all women (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)
bMissing excluded: number of women known to have attended ANC, among those whose ANC attendance status was known (women with unknown ANC attendance are excluded)
cBest case scenario: women with unknown attendance classified as having attended ANC
dHIV status among women with a known status
eIncludes death shortly after birth