Table 2.
Associations between antenatal attendance, and access to other services and birth outcomes in worst case scenario (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)
| Variable | Univariate odds ratio | P | Multivariate odds ratio | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Had an HIV test | ||||
| Attended ANC | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| No | 0.04 (0.04–0.05) | 0.05 (0.05–0.06) | ||
| Site | ||||
| Primary level | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Secondary level | 3.38 (3.04–3.76) | <0.001 | 3.01 (2.66–3.41) | <0.001 |
| Tertiary level | 6.74 (6.25–7.27) | <0.001 | 5.36 (4.92–5.85) | <0.001 |
| Had a Caesarean section | ||||
| Attended ANC | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| No | 0.34 (0.31–0.38) | 0.39 (0.35–0.44) | ||
| Site | ||||
| Secondary level | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Tertiary level | 3.75 (3.47–4.05) | 3.35 (3.10–3.63) | ||
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Positive | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.04 | 1.0 (0.94–1.06) | 0.98 |
| Unknown | 0.50 (0.45–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Gestation at childbirth | ||||
| Term or post-term | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Preterm | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) | 1.24 (1.17–1.33) | ||
| Preterm birth | ||||
| Attended ANC | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.77 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| No | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.59 (1.40–1.79) | ||
| Site | ||||
| Primary level | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Secondary level | 3.34 (2.07–5.40) | 5.41 (3.34–8.78) | ||
| Tertiary level | 106.6 (72.5–156.9) | <0.001 | 216.9 (146.1–322.1) | <0.001 |
| Infant sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 0.55 | - | - |
| Female | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | |||
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Positive | 1.25 (1.16–1.33) | 1.33 (1.23–1.43) | ||
| Unknown | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | <0.001 | 4.01 (3.53–4.55) | <0.001 |
| Stillbirtha | ||||
| Attended ANC | ||||
| Yes | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.02 |
| No | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | 1.40 (1.06–1.85) | ||
| Site | ||||
| Primary level | 1.0 | 0.78 | 1.0 | 0.08 |
| Secondary level | 0.92 (0.50–1.67) | 1.73 (0.93–3.19) | ||
| Tertiary level | 6.57 (4.59–9.40) | <0.001 | 16.6 (11.2–24.7) | <0.001 |
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Positive | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 0.31 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.46 |
| Unknown | 2.38 (1.93–2.93) | <0.001 | 4.24 (3.29–5.48) | <0.001 |
| Delivery mode | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 1.0 | 0.14 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Caesarean section | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | ||
| Infant sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 0.004 | 1.0 | 0.004 |
| Female | 0.77 (0.65–0.92) | 0.76 (0.64–0.92) | ||
Caesarean sections are not done at HCHC. No births considered post-term. Worst case scenario is the number of women who attended ANC among all women (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)
aIncludes death shortly after birth