Table 3.
Proportion of women attending antenatal care in each facility, by maternal characteristics and birth outcomes in worst case scenario (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)
| Variable | Primary care clinic | P | Secondary level hospital | P | Tertiary hospital | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % attended (n/N) | % attended (n/N) | % attended (n/N) | ||||
| ANC attendance for facility | 77.1 (5813/7543) | 89.0 (3661/4113) | 93.1 (18,177/19,523) | |||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| 10–16 | 75.0 (66/88) | 0.01$ | - | - | 91.0 (229/252) | <0.001$ |
| 17–19 | 74.1 (542/731) | 91.0 (1114/1224) | ||||
| 20–24 | 75.9 (2197/2894) | 91.7 (4726/5154) | ||||
| 25–29 | 79.0 (1797/2275) | 93.6 (5674/6065) | ||||
| 30–34 | 78.0 (844/1082) | 94.1 (3814/4051) | ||||
| ≥ 35 | 77.6 (367/473) | 94.3 (2620/2777) | ||||
| Parityb | ||||||
| 1 | - | - | - | - | 93.4 (6046/6461) | 0.85$ |
| 2–4 | 93.4 (4642/4966) | |||||
| ≥ 5 | 93.9 (448/477) | |||||
| Gravidityb | ||||||
| 1 | - | - | - | - | 92.0 (5252/5708) | <0.001$ |
| 2–4 | 93.4 (11,761/12,581) | |||||
| ≥ 5 | 94.3 (1040/1093) | |||||
| Had HIV test | ||||||
| Yes | 97.2 (5023/5167) | <0.001 | 92.6 (3353/3621) | <0.001 | 95.1 (17,380/18,276) | <0.001 |
| No | 33.3 (790/2376) | 62.6 (308/492) | 63.9 (797/1247) | |||
| HIV statusa | ||||||
| Positive | 95.0 (1803/1897) | <0.001 | 92.0 (798/867) | 0.47 | 95.0 (5180/5452) | 0.72 |
| Negative | 98.5 (3220/3270) | 92.8 (2555/2754) | 95.1 (12,200/12,824) | |||
| Delivery mode | ||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 77.1 (5813/7543) | - | 87.6 (2741/3129) | <0.001 | 90.6 (7924/8744) | <0.001 |
| Caesarean section | NA | 93.5 (920/984) | 96.5 (9946/10,304) | |||
| Infant sex | ||||||
| Female | 77.7 (2976/3833) | 0.28 | 88.4 (1795/2031) | 0.19 | 94.0 (8115/8636) | 0.24 |
| Male | 76.6 (2824/3687) | 89.7 (1864/2079) | 93.5 (8434/9017) | |||
| Gestation at birth | ||||||
| Preterm | 57.7 (15/26) | 0.02 | 80.9 (38/47) | 0.20 | 88.8 (4551/5125) | <0.001 |
| Term | 77.1 (5798/7517) | 89.1 (3616//4058) | 94.8 (12,318/12,989) | |||
| Post-term | - | 87.5 (7/8) | 95.4 (866/908) | |||
| Infant status at birth | ||||||
| Alive | 77.2 (5799/7510) | <0.001 | 89.1 (3647/4093) | 0.32 | 94.1 (16,367/17,401) | <0.001 |
| Stillbirthb | 40.6 (13/32) | 81.3 (13/16) | 83.2 (405/487) | |||
At HCHC, no births were considered post-term. Worst case scenario is the number of women who attended ANC among all women
NA not applicable as caesarean sections not done at HCHC
–Data not collected in labour ward registers
$Chi-square test for trend
aHIV status among women with a known status
bIncludes death shortly after birth.