Figure 2.

The populations of S. cerevisiae as an unrooted cladogram (not to scale) composite from several studies (Liti et al. 2009a; Wang et al. 2012; Almeida et al. 2015). Populations shown include North American (NA), sake (SA), West African (WA), Malaysian (MA), and wine/European (W) as previously defined (Liti et al. 2009a), with E as the wild European sister clade to the wine group, recently described (Almeida et al. 2015). Eight additional populations from China (CHN I–CHN VIII) were recently described (Wang et al. 2012). In addition a New Zealand (NZ) subpopulation of the wine population has been described (Gayevskiy and Goddard 2012). The original distinction of two domestication events leading to wine and sake fermentation (Fay and Benavides, 2005; Cromie et al. 2013; Arana-Sanchez et al. 2015; Ludlow et al. 2016) has been extended as more populations have been sampled. These include wild populations from oak and related trees, populations associated with fruit trees, and populations associated with fermentation activities. It is clear that many of the populations associated with fermentation are very close to wild populations exemplified by the wine vs. European sister groups, which differ (Almeida et al. 2015) in the presence/absence of the genes acquired by HGT from outside the clade (Novo et al. 2009). The wine population has been spread around the world from its European origins and in some cases, such as New Zealand (Gayevskiy and Goddard 2012), the subpopulation can be placed within the larger population. There are now descriptions of populations associated with ale fermentation not distinguished here (Gallone et al. 2016; Goncalves et al. 2016). Lab, laboratory.