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. 2017 May 30;8:15682. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15682

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) The P–E hysteresis curves. (b) The energy density as a function of the magnitude of the maximum applied electric field, with the discrete symbols representing the best available experimental data from different types of materials, that is, lead-based (PbZrO₃ (PZO)³⁴, PLZT⁵,⁶,³⁵,⁴⁴, (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O₃ (PLZST)³³ and Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PZN-PMN-PT)³³), and lead-free (BNLBTZ¹⁰ and HZO¹¹) systems. (c) The efficiency as a function of the magnitude of the maximum applied electric field. The dotted vertical line denotes the estimated intrinsic breakdown field for BFO³⁰,³¹.