Table 2.

Definitions of “consumer engagement.”

References
Kumar and Pansari, 2016, p. 2	“the attitude, behavior, the level of connectedness (1) among customers, (2) between customers and employees, and (3) of customers and employees within a firm”
Hollebeek et al., 2016, p. 6	A customer's motivationally driven, volitional investment of focal operant, resources (including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social knowledge and skills), and operand resources (e.g., equipment) into brand interactions in service systems”
Jaakkola and Alexander, 2014	A customer's motivationally driven, volitional investment of focal operant resources (including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social knowledge and skills), and operand resources (e.g., equipment) into brand interactions in service systems (p. 6)
Verleye et al., 2014, p. 69	“Voluntary, discretionary customer behaviors with a firm focus…customers' interactive, cocreative experiences with a firm”
Vivek et al., 2012, p. 127	“Beyond the purchase…events and activities engaged in by the consumer that are not directly related to search, alternative evaluation and decision making involving brand choice”
Brodie et al., 2011, p. 9	“Psychological state that occurs by virtue of interactive, cocreative customer experiences with a focal agent/object (e.g., a brand) in focal service relationships”
Hollebeek, 2011, p. 790	The level of an individual customer's motivational, brand-related and context-dependent state of mind characterized by specific levels of cognitive, emotional and behavioral activity in direct brand interactions”
Bijmolt et al., 2010, p. 341	“Customers can cocreate? value, cocreate competitive strategy, collaborate in the firm's innovation process, and become endogenous to the firm”
Kumar et al., 2010, p. 297	“Customers contribute to firms in many ways that are beyond direct transactions”
Van Doorn et al., 2010, p. 253	“Customer behavioral manifestations toward the brand or firm, beyond purchase”
Verhoef et al., 2010, p. 247	“A behavioral manifestation toward the brand or firm that goes beyond transactions”
Gambetti et al., 2012	“CBE as characterized by three relational phases marked by increasing levels of brand enacting that are related to the brand ability to progressively “approach” its consumers, building with them a bond which shows a growing relationship strength. In the first phase of the CBE process the brand reveals its appearance to consumers, then in the second its body, and finally in the third its soul”
Sprott et al., 2009, p. 92	“BESC is the consumers' tendency to include important brands as part of their self-concept”
Bowden, 2009, pp. 64–66	The process of engagement traces the temporal development of loyalty by mapping the relationships between the constructs of calculative commitment, affective commitment, involvement, and trust as customers progress from being new to a brand to becoming repeat purchasers of a specific brand
Calder and Malthouse, 2005	“Media engagement takes into account the effectiveness of a message and the environment within which that message is presented”
Wang, 2006, pp. 356–358	“Engagement is defined as a measure of the contextual relevance in which a brand's messages are framed and presented based on its surrounding context”
Graffigna and Gambetti, 2015	“CBE seems to be shaped by a complex psychological contact experience between consumer and brand, in which the brand gets incorporated in consumers' imagery, social networking and inter-generational life experiences by acting as their “dream carrier,” “relationship facilitator” and “compass”