Table 3.

Definitions of “patient engagement.”

References
Hibbard et al., 2009	Patients' motivation, knowledge, skills, and confidence to make effective decisions to manage their health.
Gruman et al., 2010	Set of behaviors including two overarching domains: (1) “managing health” behaviors, which is both the self-management of chronic disease and the adoption of healthy behaviors, and (2) “managing healthcare” behaviors, which can be both patient and “consumeristic” behaviors.
Graffigna et al., 2014	Process-like and multi-dimensional experience, resulting from the conjoint cognitive (think), emotional (feel) and conative (act) enactment of individuals toward their health management. In this process patients go through four successive phases (disengagement, arousal, adhesion and eudaimonic project). The unachieved synergy among the different subjective dimensions (think, feel, act) at each stage of the process may inhibit patients' ability to engage in their care.
Légaré and Witteman, 2013	[“engagement” is] the process of individuals' responsabilization that ensures that clear information lead to the best decision for the person who is seeking the care thus improving self-management.
Mittler et al., 2013	Engaging consumers refers to the performance of specific behaviors (“engaged behaviors”) and/or an individual's capacity and motivation to perform these behaviors (“activation”) aimed at gaining health.
Mahmud, 2004	It is a process that leads to setting healthcare priorities. It consists in empowering people to provide input in decisions that affect their lives and encourages support for those decisions, which in turn improves the public's trust and confidence in the healthcare system.
Dearing et al., 2005	Developing “engagement” means fostering those client-therapist working alliances that help the client gain a more realistic understanding of the nature, process, and expected outcomes of treatment.
Davis et al., 2007	Option for patients to be informed partners in their care, including a recasting of the care relationship where clinicians enact the role of adviser, and patients or designated surrogates for incapacitated patients serving as the locus of decision making.
McBride and Korczak, 2007	It is a process that will allow, at different levels, the wider community to have a say in the future direction of their health.
Dunston et al., 2009	Dialogic and co-productive partnership between health system, health professionals and citizen/health consumers through which these actors become co-productive.
Forbat et al., 2009	[engaging patients means] working in partnership with service-users having them inform (i) service redesign/improvement, (ii) policy, (iii) research, and (iv) their own care/treatment. It also implies balancing powers among patients and health providers.
Schley et al., 2012	Engaging clients in the therapeutic encounter means developing collaboration, perceived usefulness, and client-therapist positive interaction.
Mulley et al., 2012	Process of shared decision making described as a sequence of three types of conversation: team talk, option talk and decision talk. [Engaging patients] means creating a preference diagnosis which has a unique profile of risks, benefits and side effects.
Sanders and Kirby, 2012	A collaborative, bidirectional process whereby patients' knowledge and experience is shared in a dialogue with program developers, health practitioners and researchers. It involves actively harnessing the consumer's voice to strengthen the quality, relevance and effectiveness of an intervention.
Carman et al., 2013	Shared power and responsibility among the actors of the care process where (i) the patient becomes an active partner in defining agendas and making decisions; (ii) the information flow is bidirectional; (iii) patients act also as representatives of consumer organizations.
Patel and Rajasingam, 2013	The [engaged] patients have the ability to balance clinical information and professional advice with their own needs and preferences. It is a collaborative approach where shared decision making, equal distribution of power and exchange of clinical information are enacted.
Higgins et al., 2017	“individual desires and capabilities, partnering with providers and institution maintaining the power hierarchy and increasing the confidence and skill levels of patients.”