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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Invest Dermatol. 2016 Oct 8;137(2):440–448. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.028

Figure 4. GM3 expression regulates Rac1 versus RhoA activation.

Figure 4

(a–d) NHEKs with and without GM3 modulation were starved overnight and treated for 2 minutes with or without IGF-1. Phosphorylation and expression of (a) IGF1R and (b) cofilin were examined by Western blotting. Activation of (c) Rac1 or (d) RhoA was determined by G-LISA. (e) IGF1R, Rac1, and Rho-associated protein kinase were inhibited with small molecule inhibitors (Inh) or shRNA (see Supplementary Figure S5). Cell migration was accessed by scratch assay. Scale bar (upper left image) = 100 μm. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. AS, antisense DNA; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; G-LISA, small G-protein activation ELISA; Glu, glucose; h, hours; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; Inh, inhibitor; IR, insulin receptor; NHEK, normal human epidermal keratinocyte; NT, no treatment; Scr, scrambled; SE, sense; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; si, small interfering RNA; SNA, spherical nucleic acid; Veh, vehicle.