Table 1.

Summary of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of FPIES

• A central role of T cells in the local intestinal inflammation has been suggested, but still need to be confirmed

• A deficit in TGF-β1 response and overzealous TNF-α response may be important factors in FPIES

• IL-10 might play a key role in acquisition of tolerance in patients with FPIES

• Increased serum IL-8 levels in patients with active FPIES suggest neutrophils involvement

• A potential role of IL-9 in the pathogenesis of FPIES has been recently suggested, potentially through its influence on intestinal permeability

• Elevated baseline serum tryptase levels have been found in patients with active FPIES suggest low-grade intestinal

• Mast cell activation or increased mast cell load

• Paucity of humoral response in FPIES has been suggested in several studies

Although several immune changes have been shown in FPIES patients, the pathophysiology of the disease remains not well defined and requires further characterization

Abbreviation: FPIES, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.