. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 6.

Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Pathol. 2016 Apr 12;44(4):502–535. doi: 10.1177/0192623316631844

Table 3.

Lung and Pancreatic Proliferative Lesions in Male F-344 Rats given (S)-NNAL, (R)-NNAL, NNK, or Racemic NNAL in Drinking Water^*

	Control	(R)-NNAL 5 ppm	(S)-NNAL 5 ppm	NNK 5 ppm	Racemic NNAL 10 ppm
No. of rats necropsied	22	24	22	24	15
No. of rats with lung lesions
Hyperplasia	0	24	22	24	15
Adenoma	0	23	22	24	15
Carcinoma	0	6^a	10^a	17^a	15^a
Tumor Incidence	0	23^b	22^b	24^b	15^b
No. of rats with thoracic cavity tumors	0	2	2	6	9
No. of rats with metastasis to pancreas	0	1 (4.2%)	2 (9.0%)	3(12.5%)	4^c (27.0%)

P <0.01 compared to control

P <0.0001 compared to control

P<0.05 compared to control (ψ² test)

Reproduced with modifications from Balbo et al., 2014