Table 2.

Univariate and multivariable analysis of Depressive symptoms (EPDS)

Characteristic, n(%)	Mean EPDS score (SD)	Beta (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted beta (95% CI)	p-value
Age 18–24	6.1 (6.0)	1.1 (0.2, 2.1)	0.02	0.9 (0.1, 1.8)	0.04
≥25 (reference)	5.0 (5.0)
HIV diagnosis during current pregnancy
Yes	5.3 (5.3)	0.0 (−0.83, 0.83)	1.0	—	—
No (ref)	5.3 (5.2)
First pregnancy
Yes	5.5 (5.8)	0.3 (−0.8, 1.3)	0.6	—	—
No (ref)	5.2 (5.2)
Highest Level of Education, n(%)
Primary/some Secondary	5.3 (5.2)	0.2 (−0.8, 1.1)	0.7	—	—
Completed secondary/any tertiary (ref)	5.2 (5.5)
Relationship status
Single	5.7 (5.5)	0.9 (0.1, 1.8)	0.03	0.8 (−0.1, 1.6)	0.07
Married or Cohabitating (ref)	4.7 (4.8)
Poverty level
Most disadvantaged	5.7 (5.4)	0.9 (−0.1, 2.0)	0.07	0.5 (−0.5, 1.4)	0.3
Moderately disadvantaged	5.2 (5.4)	0.5 (−0.6, 1.5)	0.4	0.1 (−0.9, 1.0)	0.9
Least disadvantaged (ref)	4.8 (5.0)
Alcohol
Harmful alcohol use
Yes	6.4 (5.6)	1.4 (0.3, 2.5)	0.01	−0.3 (−1.8, 1.2)	0.7
No (ref)	5.0 (5.2)
Experienced alcohol-related harm
Yes	6.6 (5.9)	1.7 (0.7, 2.7)	0.001	0.9 (−0.5, 2.2)	0.2
No (ref)	4.9 (5.0)
Pregnancy intention		−0.2 (−0.3, −0.04)	0.01	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.04)	0.2
Social Support		−0.1 (−0.1, −0.06)	<0.001	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.03)	0.7
Social Impact Score		0.4 (0.3, 0.4)	<0.001	0.3 (0.3, 0.4)	<0.001
Intimate Partner Violence
Yes	7.7 (5.7)	3.1 (2.1, 4.1)	<0.001	2.3 (1.3, 3.3)	<0.001
No (ref)	4.6 (5.0)