Table 2.
Pooled analyses of calcium intake and lung cancer survival (n=23,882)
| Calcium intakes | Deaths / Cases, n | Hazard ratio (95% CI)
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | ||
| Dietary calcium intake, mg/dc | |||
| <500 or <600 | 3047 / 3705 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) |
| 500–800 or 600–1000 | 7463 / 9190 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) |
| 800–1000 or 1000–1200 | 3531 / 4362 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1000–1500 or 1200–1800 | 4205 / 5092 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) |
| >1500 or >1800 | 1292 / 1533 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
|
| |||
| Dietary and supplemental calcium intake, mg/dc,d | |||
| <500 or <600 | 1119 / 1352 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) |
| 500–800 or 600–1000 | 4333 / 5212 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| 800–1000 or 1000–1200 | 2695 / 3216 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1000–1500 or 1200–1800 | 4364 / 5290 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) |
| >1500 or >1800 | 2507 / 3067 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
|
| |||
| Supplemental calcium intake, mg/dd | |||
| None | 7850 / 9387 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 0–200 | 3524 / 4158 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) |
| 200–500 | 1557 / 1969 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) |
| 500–1000 | 1391 / 1743 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
| >1000 | 696 / 880 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
Cox model was stratified by cohort, year of lung cancer diagnosis, and time interval between dietary assessment and lung cancer diagnosis and adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, smoking status, smoking pack-years, and total energy intake.
Additionally adjusted for race, education, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, physical activity level, obesity status, hormone therapy in women, and the histological type, stage, and grade of lung cancer.
For men ≤70 y and women ≤50 y, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium is 1000 mg/d and the estimated average requirement (EAR) is 800 mg/d. For men >70 y and women >50 y, RDA is 1200 mg/d and EAR is 1000 mg/d. Calcium intakes were categorized into five groups: <0.5 RDA, 0.5 RDA to EAR, EAR to RDA, RDA to 1.5 RDA, and >1.5 RDA.
Supplemental calcium intake data were only available in eight US cohorts, n=18,137.