Table 1.
Demographic and comorbidities data involving 339,389 COPD patients of derivation cohort
| Characteristic | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 50,679 | 50,487 | 58,786 | 60,344 | 59,316 | 59,777 | 339,389 |
| Age, years | |||||||
| 40–64 | 14,558 (28.7) | 14,900 (29.5) | 16,985 (28.9) | 18,346 (30.4) | 18,080 (30.5) | 18,374 (30.7) | 101,243 (29.8) |
| 65+ | 36,121 (71.3) | 35,587 (70.5) | 41,801 (71.1) | 41,998 (69.6) | 41,236 (69.5) | 41,403 (69.3) | 238,246 (70.2) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 22,356 (44.3) | 22,564 (44.8) | 26,156 (44.6) | 26,755 (44.4) | 26,356 (44.5) | 26,555 (44.5) | 150,742 (44.5) |
| Female | 28,157 (55.7) | 27,757 (55.2) | 32,476 (55.4) | 33,442 (55.6) | 32,821 (55.5) | 33,097 (55.5) | 187,750 (55.5) |
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 37,607 (76.5) | 36,704 (74.8) | 43,215 (75.2) | 44,086 (74.7) | 42,791 (73.7) | 42,553 (72.6) | 246,956 (74.5) |
| African American | 4,864 (9.89) | 5,028 (10.2) | 5,686 (9.90) | 6,169 (10.5) | 6,195 (10.7) | 6,355 (10.8) | 34,297 (10.4) |
| Other | 6,693 (13.6) | 7,370 (15.0) | 8,555 (14.9) | 8,804 (14.9) | 9,087 (15.7) | 9,692 (16.5) | 50,201 (15.2) |
| Income quartile | |||||||
| 1st | 13,997 (28.5) | 14,282 (29.2) | 16,494 (28.9) | 17,094 (29.2) | 17,305 (30.1) | 17,073 (29.5) | 96,245 (29.3) |
| 2nd | 13,446 (27.4) | 13,397 (27.4) | 15,773 (27.7) | 16,475 (28.2) | 15,578 (27.1) | 16,153 (27.9) | 90,822 (27.6) |
| 3rd | 12,170 (24.8) | 11,975 (24.5) | 13,907 (24.9) | 13,879 (23.7) | 13,691 (23.8) | 14,018 (24.2) | 79,640 (24.2) |
| 4th | 9,479 (19.3) | 9,211 (18.9) | 10,860 (19.0) | 11,030 (18.9) | 10,874 (18.9) | 10,694 (18.5) | 62,148 (18.9) |
| Primary payer | |||||||
| Medicaid | 5,506 (10.9) | 5,895 (11.7) | 6,664 (11.3) | 7,400 (12.3) | 7,469 (12.6) | 7,552 (12.6) | 40,486 (11.9) |
| Medicare | 36,935 (72.8) | 36,065 (71.4) | 42,395 (72.1) | 43,042 (71.3) | 42,762 (72.1) | 43,265 (72.4) | 244,464 (72.0) |
| Private insurance | 6,513 (12.9) | 6,540 (13.0) | 7,351 (12.5) | 7,360 (12.2) | 6,436 (10.9) | 6,402 (10.7) | 40,602 (12.0) |
| Self pay | 855 (1.69) | 1,018 (2.02) | 1,177 (2.00) | 1,359 (2.25) | 1,314 (2.22) | 1,226 (2.05) | 6,949 (2.05) |
| Length of stay, days | |||||||
| ≤2 | 13,718 (27.1) | 13,779 (27.3) | 15,446 (26.3) | 16,835 (27.9) | 17,508 (29.5) | 17,579 (29.4) | 94,865 (28.0) |
| 3 | 8,790 (17.3) | 8,859 (17.6) | 10,466 (17.8) | 10,857 (18.0) | 11,061 (18.7) | 11,139 (18.6) | 61,172 (18.0) |
| 4 | 7,259 (14.3) | 7,178 (14.2) | 8,714 (14.8) | 8,943 (14.8) | 8,654 (14.6) | 8,695 (14.6) | 49,443 (14.6) |
| 5 | 5,330 (10.5) | 5,330 (10.6) | 6,397 (10.9) | 6,452 (10.7) | 6,100 (10.3) | 6,311 (10.6) | 35,920 (10.6) |
| 6 | 3,913 (7.68) | 3,882 (7.69) | 4,537 (7.72) | 4,576 (7.58) | 4,409 (7.43) | 4,402 (7.36) | 25,719 (7.58) |
| ≥7 | 11,669 (27.1) | 11,459 (22.7) | 13,226 (22.5) | 12,681 (21.0) | 11,584 (19.5) | 11,651 (19.5) | 72,270 (21.3) |
| Discharge location | |||||||
| Home | 30,900 (61.0) | 30,831 (61.1) | 35,841 (61.0) | 36,844 (61.1) | 36,148 (60.9) | 36,507 (61.1) | 207,071 (61.0) |
| Home health care | 8,596 (17.0) | 8,452 (16.7) | 10,013 (17.0) | 10,361 (17.2) | 10,766 (18.2) | 10,663 (17.8) | 58,851 (17.3) |
| Rehabilitation center/SNF | 8,259 (16.3) | 8,260 (16.4) | 9,673 (16.5) | 9,870 (16.4) | 9,393 (15.8) | 9,582 (16.0) | 55,037 (16.2) |
| Short term hospital | 690 (1.36) | 696 (1.38) | 824 (1.40) | 848 (1.41) | 720 (1.21) | 739 (1.24) | 4,517 (1.33) |
| Other | 2,232 (4.40) | 2,247 (4.45) | 2,415 (4.11) | 2,419 (4.01) | 2,289 (3.86) | 2,283 (3.82) | 13,885 (4.09) |
| Mortalities during admission | 1,334 (2.63) | 1,305 (2.58) | 1,350 (2.30) | 1,267 (2.10) | 1,083 (1.83) | 1,103 (1.85) | 7,442 (2.19) |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| AIDS | 71 (0.14) | 77 (0.15) | 82 (0.14) | 96 (0.16) | 81 (0.14) | 110 (0.18) | 517 (0.15) |
| Alcohol abuse | 1,974 (3.90) | 2,012 (3.99) | 2,426 (4.13) | 2,631 (4.36) | 2,728 (4.60) | 2,691 (4.50) | 14,462 (4.26) |
| Anemia | 7,254 (14.3) | 7,814 (15.5) | 9,856 (16.8) | 10,526 (17.4) | 10,379 (17.5) | 10,825 (18.1) | 56,654 (16.7) |
| Coagulopathy | 800 (1.58) | 922 (1.83) | 1,226 (2.09) | 1,471 (2.44) | 1,667 (2.81) | 1,869 (3.13) | 7,955 (2.34) |
| Congestive heart failure | 12,934 (25.5) | 13,249 (26.2) | 15,657 (26.6) | 16,582 (27.5) | 16,235 (27.4) | 16,536 (27.7) | 91,193 (26.9) |
| Depression | 5,966 (11.8) | 6,338 (12.6) | 7,143 (12.2) | 7,775 (12.9) | 7,768 (13.1) | 8,195 (13.7) | 43,185 (12.7) |
| Diabetes | 12,919 (25.5) | 13,520 (26.8) | 16,062 (27.3) | 17,805 (29.5) | 17,729 (29.9) | 18,117 (30.3) | 96,152 (28.3) |
| Drug abuse | 1,351 (2.67) | 1,548 (3.07) | 1,636 (2.78) | 1,884 (3.12) | 2,134 (3.60) | 2,353 (3.94) | 10,906 (3.21) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 10,512 (20.7) | 10,963 (21.7) | 13,521 (23.0) | 14,374 (23.8) | 14,550 (24.5) | 15,503 (25.9) | 79,423 (23.4) |
| Hypertension | 29,634 (58.5) | 30,491 (60.4) | 36,828 (62.7) | 38,478 (63.8) | 38,955 (65.7) | 40,101 (67.1) | 214,487 (63.2) |
| Hypothyroidism | 5,835 (11.5) | 6,078 (12.0) | 7,201 (12.3) | 7,852 (13.0) | 7,940 (13.4) | 8,245 (13.8) | 43,151 (12.7) |
| Liver disease | 897 (1.77) | 1,022 (2.02) | 1,333 (2.27) | 1,455 (2.41) | 1,569 (2.65) | 1,740 (2.91) | 8,016 (2.36) |
| Lymphoma | 272 (0.54) | 280 (0.55) | 377 (0.64) | 385 (0.63) | 386 (0.65) | 400 (0.67) | 2,098 (0.62) |
| Metastatic cancer | 708 (1.40) | 755 (1.50) | 889 (1.51) | 943 (1.56) | 918 (1.55) | 938 (1.57) | 5,151 (1.52) |
| Neurological disorder | 3,260 (6.43) | 3,612 (7.15) | 4,428 (7.53) | 4,734 (7.85) | 4,685 (7.90) | 4,852 (8.12) | 25,571 (7.53) |
| Obesity | 4,645 (9.17) | 5,012 (9.93) | 6,514 (11.1) | 7,376 (12.2) | 7,490 (12.6) | 8,469 (14.2) | 39,506 (11.6) |
| Paralysis | 824 (1.63) | 766 (1.52) | 1,051 (1.79) | 996 (1.65) | 1,003 (1.69) | 958 (1.60) | 5,598 (1.65) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 52 (0.10) | 44 (0.09) | 43 (0.07) | 33 (0.05) | 30 (0.05) | 32 (0.05) | 234 (0.07) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3,189 (6.29) | 3,386 (6.71) | 4,170 (7.09) | 4,522 (7.49) | 4,797 (8.09) | 5,045 (8.44) | 25,109 (7.40) |
| Psychoses | 2,792 (5.51) | 3,041 (6.02) | 3,719 (6.33) | 3,949 (6.54) | 4,234 (7.14) | 4,493 (7.52) | 22,228 (6.55) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 234 (0.46) | 237 (0.47) | 291 (0.50) | 326 (0.54) | 343 (0.58) | 317 (0.53) | 1,748 (0.52) |
| Renal failure | 4,221 (8.33) | 4,899 (9.70) | 6,475 (11.0) | 7,429 (12.3) | 7,925 (13.4) | 8,600 (14.4) | 39,549 (11.7) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1,231 (2.43) | 1,295 (2.57) | 1,619 (2.75) | 1,701 (2.82) | 1,757 (2.96) | 1,842 (3.08) | 9,445 (2.78) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 1,465 (2.89) | 1,506 (2.98) | 1,712 (2.91) | 1,823 (3.02) | 1,852 (3.12) | 1,780 (2.98) | 10,138 (2.99) |
| Valvular disease | 3,070 (6.06) | 3,095 (6.13) | 3,684 (6.27) | 3,931 (6.51) | 3,787 (6.38) | 4,143 (6.93) | 21,710 (6.40) |
| Weight loss | 1,259 (2.48) | 1,268 (2.51) | 1,882 (3.20) | 2,383 (3.95) | 2,629 (4.43) | 2,902 (4.85) | 12,323 (3.63) |
Notes: Anemia combines chronic blood loss anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Diabetes combines complicated and uncomplicated diabetes. Data presented as N (%).
Abbreviations: N, number of patients; SNF, skilled nursing facility.