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. 2017 Jul 6;7:4831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05263-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analytical workflow developed for this study. We used neontological (green) and palaeontological (grey) data sources to model fern diversification dynamics. In the first round of analyses (pale blue) we summarized climatic layer information for each species, built a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny, and estimated origination and extinction times of fern genera using the fossil record. These analyses provided data for the final analyses (blue) where we tested whether the rate variation observed in the phylogeny and fossil record were correlated with various candidate biotic and abiotic factors, niche and molecular evolution, and life form. We also estimated data compatability between the neontological and palaeontological models. Maps of modern world were created using QGIS v. 2.0.1 (http://www.qgis.org) and the statistical programming language R⁸⁴, the paleomap is based on PALEOMAP Global Plate Tectonic Model⁸⁵ and was created using Adobe Photoshop CC 2015, PointTracker⁸⁶ and QGIS v. 2.0.1 (http://www.qgis.org).