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. 2017 Jul 6;7:4831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05263-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diversification dynamics of ferns through time. (a) The green diagrams show the diversity dynamics of fern genera that were assigned to higher taxa (orders) inferred from the fossil record (Supplementary Table 1), plotted above a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny collapsed to the genus level. Pale green indicates the estimated maximum diversity (95% HPD), dark green the estimated minimum (95% HPD), and intermediate green the estimated mean diversity. (b) Diversification rate shifts identified from a species-level phylogeny for speciation and (c) extinction rates. Some important higher taxa (orders in b and families in c) are labelled and epiphytic species indicated by dots.