Table 1.
Associations between variables and HSV1 seropositivity in women, Germany 2008–2011
| Variables | N | Weighteda prevalence % | (95% CI) | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRb(95% CI) | p-value | PRc(95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 18–24 | 283 | 51.4 | (45.3–57.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 25–34 | 400 | 70.4 | (64.6–75.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.000 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.057 |
| 35–44 | 519 | 82.4 | (77.9–86.1) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 0.000 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.000 |
| 45–54 | 714 | 86.5 | (83.1–89.2) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 0.000 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.000 |
| 55–64 | 630 | 91.8 | (88.7–94.1) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 0.000 | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 0.000 |
| 65+ | 895 | 93.1 | (90.4–95.1) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 0.000 | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | 0.000 |
| CASMIN educational classification | |||||||
| Low | 1117 | 90.0 | (87.6–91.9) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 0.000 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.000 |
| Medium | 1772 | 79.3 | (76.4–82.0) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.000 |
| High | 531 | 68.8 | (63.7–73.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Income | |||||||
| Low | 991 | 83.4 | (80.1–86.2) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Medium | 2031 | 82.0 | (79.7–84.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.481 | − | − |
| High | 419 | 76.9 | (70.6–82.2) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.066 | − | − |
| Employment situation | |||||||
| Worker | 827 | 91.2 | (88.5–93.4) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 0.004 |
| Employee | 1611 | 81.4 | (78.5–83.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Civil servant | 169 | 70.3 | (60.5–78.5) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.036 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.482 |
| Free-lance/self-reliant | 233 | 84.9 | (77.9–90.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.232 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.379 |
| Family worker | 64 | 87.5 | (75.2–94.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.201 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.551 |
| other | 124 | 51.8 | (40.9–62.5) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.086 |
| Smoking, currently | |||||||
| Daily | 643 | 84.2 | (80.0–87.7) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.266 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 0.035 |
| Occasionally | 179 | 75.1 | (67.2–81.6) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.090 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.023 |
| No, not anymore | 825 | 82.1 | (77.7–85.7) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.841 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.898 |
| Never smoked | 1776 | 81.6 | (79.1–83.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Number of other children in household during childhood | |||||||
| 0 | 369 | 76.6 | (70.6–81.7) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 1–2 | 1478 | 74.9 | (71.9–77.7) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.579 | − | − |
| > 2 | 1594 | 90.6 | (88.5–92.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.000 | − | − |
| Visit of nursery during childhood | |||||||
| No | 801 | 87.9 | (84.4–90.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | − | − |
| Yes | 1705 | 74.8 | (71.9–77.5) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Degree of urbanization | |||||||
| Rural | 607 | 83.8 | (78.3–88.2) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Provincial | 844 | 84.0 | (80.1–87.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.956 | − | − |
| Urban | 963 | 80.2 | (76.3–83.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.0) | 0.238 | − | − |
| Metropolitan | 1027 | 81.1 | (77.7–84.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.347 | − | − |
| Region of residence | |||||||
| West Germany | 2350 | 81.2 | (78.9–83.2) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| East Germany (including Berlin) | 1091 | 85.0 | (81.4–88.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) | 0.052 | − | − |
| German mother tongue | |||||||
| Yes | 3170 | 81.0 | (78.9–83.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No | 242 | 88.4 | (82.2–92.6) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.000 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 |
| Number of sexual partners in last 12 months | |||||||
| None | 1051 | 85.4 | (82.3–88.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.043 | − | − |
| 1 | 2110 | 81.5 | (78.9–83.9) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 2–3 | 153 | 62.3 | (53.1–70.7) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.001 | − | − |
| > 3 | 24 | 76.6 | (49.1–91.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.668 | − | − |
| HSV2 serostatus | |||||||
| HSV2 seronegative | 2262 | 81.6 | (79.1–83.8) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| HSV2 seropositive | 323 | 88.9 | (83.7–92.6) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.004 | − | − |
| Current use of birth control methods | |||||||
| Yes | 978 | 72.0 | (68.5–75.3) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 1523 | 84.1 | (81.6–86.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | − | − |
| Which birth control method | |||||||
| -Contraceptive pill | |||||||
| Yes | 470 | 67.2 | (62.1–72.0) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 478 | 77.1 | (72.1–81.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.005 | − | − |
| -Condoms | |||||||
| Yes | 287 | 71.8 | (65.3–77.6) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 661 | 72.3 | (67.9–76.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.891 | − | − |
| Miscarriage | |||||||
| None | 2008 | 77.1 | (74.5–79.5) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 1 or more | 549 | 88.3 | (83.8–91.6) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | − | − |
| Abortion | |||||||
| None | 2047 | 77.3 | (74.8–79.7) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 1 or more | 471 | 88.5 | (84.0–91.9) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.000 | − | − |
In italics: PR is statistically significant (p < 0.05)
aWe used survey weights to account for deviations of the survey sample from the sampling parameters (i.e. age, sex, region, urban/rural region, community size, citizenship and education)
bIf a p-value was <0.2 in the univariable analysis, we included that variable in a stepwise forward variable selection to find a suitable multivariable model
cAdjusted prevalence rates (PR) of variables which stayed in the final model (p-value ≤0.05) are reported