Table 3.
Associations between variables and HSV2 seropositivity in women, Germany 2008–2011
| Variables | N | Weighteda prevalence % | (95% CI) | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRb (95% CI) | p-value | PRc (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 18–24 | 227 | 2.0 | (0.8–4.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 25–34 | 277 | 7.6 | (4.5–12.5) | 3.9 (1.4–11.1) | 0.012 | 3.5 (1.2–10.4) | 0.021 |
| 35–44 | 405 | 11.5 | (7.9–16.4) | 5.9 (2.3–15.2) | 0.000 | 5.6 (2.1–14.7) | 0.001 |
| 45–54 | 535 | 16.1 | (12.8–20.0) | 8.2 (3.2–21.2) | 0.000 | 7.3 (2.7–19.5) | 0.000 |
| 55–64 | 461 | 15.5 | (12.0–19.8) | 7.9 (3.3–18.9) | 0.000 | 8.0 (3.1–20.5) | 0.000 |
| 65+ | 680 | 12.3 | (9.4–15.6) | 6.3 (2.4–16.3) | 0.000 | 6.5 (2.5–17.0) | 0.000 |
| CASMIN educational classification | |||||||
| Low | 841 | 10.5 | (8.2–13.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 0.522 | − | − |
| Medium | 1335 | 12.6 | (10.6–15.0) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | 0.131 | − | − |
| High | 392 | 9.1 | (6.3–13.0) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Income | |||||||
| Low | 750 | 10.8 | (8.2–14.1) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Medium | 1529 | 11.7 | (9.8–13.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.652 | − | − |
| High | 306 | 14.5 | (10.2–20.2) | 1.3 (0.9–2.1) | 0.204 | − | − |
| Employment situation | |||||||
| Worker | 623 | 12.4 | (9.6–16.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.884 | − | − |
| Employee | 1174 | 12.7 | (10.5–15.4) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Civil servant | 128 | 14.5 | (8.6–23.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.623 | − | − |
| Free-lance/self-reliant | 174 | 13.2 | (8.3–20.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.874 | − | − |
| Family worker | 47 | 5.3 | (1.4–18.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.202 | − | − |
| Other | 96 | 4.0 | (1.4–10.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 0.033 | − | − |
| Smoking, currently | |||||||
| Daily | 486 | 15.2 | (11.8–19.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.006 | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 0.033 |
| Occasionally | 133 | 8.7 | (4.9–15.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.673 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 0.847 |
| No, not anymore | 607 | 13.4 | (10.6–16.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.031 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.226 |
| Never smoked | 1345 | 9.9 | (8.1–12.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Number of other children in household during childhood | |||||||
| 0 | 272 | 12.5 | (8.2–18.6) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 1–2 | 1125 | 9.6 | (8.0–11.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.221 | − | − |
| > 2 | 1188 | 13.6 | (11.1–16.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.728 | − | − |
| Visit of nursery during childhood | |||||||
| No | 614 | 14.5 | (11.7–17.8) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.008 | − | − |
| Yes | 1264 | 9.7 | (7.8–12.0) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| HSV1 serostatus | |||||||
| HSV1 seronegative | 431 | 7.3 | (4.8–11.1) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| HSV1 seropositive | 2154 | 12.6 | (10.9–14.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.017 | − | − |
| Degree of urbanization | |||||||
| Rural | 424 | 9.6 | (6.2–14.6) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| Provincial | 651 | 11.3 | (8.5–14.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.539 | − | − |
| Urban | 792 | 10.1 | (8.0–12.7) | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 0.835 | − | − |
| Metropolitan | 718 | 14.4 | (11.7–17.7) | 1.5 (0.9-2.4) | 0.095 | − | − |
| Region of residence | |||||||
| West Germany | 1778 | 10.8 | (9.2–12.7) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| East Germany (including Berlin) | 807 | 14.6 | (11.5–18.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.037 | − | − |
| German mother tongue | |||||||
| Yes | 2390 | 11.5 | (9.9–13.3) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 172 | 10.9 | (6.9–16.8) | 0.9 (0.8–1.5) | 0.825 | − | − |
| Number of sexual partners in last 12 months | |||||||
| None | 788 | 12.7 | (10.2–15.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.500 | − | − |
| 1 | 1588 | 11.5 | (9.6–13.7) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 2–3 | 116 | 12.0 | (5.3–24.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 0.917 | − | − |
| > 3 | 17 | 10.3 | (1.4–49.0) | 0.9 (0.1–6.2) | 0.912 | − | − |
| Current use of birth control methodsd | |||||||
| Yes | 740 | 8.5 | (6.3–11.3) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 1140 | 14.1 | (12.0–16.6) | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 0.003 | − | − |
| Which birth control method | |||||||
| -Contraceptive Pill | |||||||
| Yes | 363 | 7.0 | (4.4–10.8) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 353 | 9.6 | (6.5–14.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.264 | − | − |
| -Condoms | |||||||
| Yes | 217 | 8.0 | (4.7–13.4) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| No | 499 | 8.4 | (5.7–12.3) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.892 | − | − |
| Miscarriage | |||||||
| None | 1504 | 10.4 | (8.5–12.6) | Ref | Ref | − | − |
| 1 or more | 424 | 15.9 | (12.1–20.6) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.009 | − | − |
| Abortion | |||||||
| None | 1538 | 10.1 | (8.4–12.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 or more | 351 | 20.1 | (15.3–25.9) | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | 0.000 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.023 |
In italics: PR is statistically significant (p < 0.05)
aWe used survey weights to account for deviations of the survey sample from the sampling parameters (i.e. age, sex, region, urban/rural region, community size, citizenship and education)
bIf a p-value was <0.2 in the univariable analysis, we included that variable in a stepwise forward variable selection to find a suitable multivariable model
cAdjusted prevalence rates (PR) of variables which stayed in the final model (p-value ≤0.05) are reported
dWomen older than 65 years of age were not asked about their current use of birth control methods