. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Safety Res. 2016 Oct 13;59:61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2016.09.006

Table 1.

Patient characteristics and hospital outcomes.

N = 1,857
Patient characteristics
Age^b	33 (20–47)
Gender (male)^a	1,458 (78.5%)
Adult ≥ 18 years^a	1,500 (80.8%)
Use of safety device^a	321 (18.8%)
Injury severity score^b	10 (5–17)
Alcohol positive^a	487 (38.8%)
Positive for drug(s)^a	631 (62.4%)
Narcotics Positive^a	377 (59.7%)
Cannabis Positive^a	265 (41.9%)
Benzodiazepine positive^a	259 (41.0%)
Amphetamine positive^a	60 (9.5%)
Cocaine positive^a	46 (7.2%)
Barbiturates positive^a	20 (3.1%)
Ecstasy^a	1 (0.15%)
At least one substance exposure^a	858 (66.4%)
Injuries
Skin^a	1,424 (76.8%)
Musculoskeletal^a	1,292 (69.6%)
Traumatic brain injury^a	946 (51.0%)
Spinal injury^a	21 (1.1%)
Peripheral nervous system^a	42 (2.3%)
Genitourinary^a	70 (3.8%)
Gastro intestinal^a	178 (9.6%)
Cardiovascular^a	25 (1.3%)
Eye-ocular adnexa^a	38 (2.0%)
Thoracic-lung^a	629 (33.9%)
Outcomes
Hospital length of stay (d)^b	3 (2–6)
ICU length of stay (d)^b	2 (1–6)
ICU incidence^a	719 (38.7%)
Hospital cost ($)^b	$18,187.88 ($10,736.69–$34,633.23)
Mortality^a	36 (1.9%)
Mortality and vegetative state^a	38 (2.2%)
Moderate and worse^a	142 (8.1%)

n (%).

Median (interquartile range).