Table 3.
Patient characteristics and hospital outcomes by helmet use.
| Helmet use (N = 321) | No helmet use (N = 1,390) | P value | Odds ratioa | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Agec | 28 (15–42) | 31 (24–48) | 0.000 | ||
| Gender (male)b | 271 (84.4%) | 1,077 (77.5%) | 0.006 | ||
| Injury severity scorec | 9 (5–14) | 10 (5–17) | 0.045 | ||
| Admission injuries | |||||
| Skinb | 224 (69.8%) | 1,127 (81.2%) | 0.000 | 1.87 | 1.42–2.45 |
| Musculoskeletalb | 225 (70.1%) | 960 (69.1%) | 0.732 | ||
| Traumatic brain injuryb | 134 (41.7%) | 792 (57.1%) | 0.000 | 1.85 | 1.45–2.37 |
| Spinal injuryb | 3 (0.9%) | 17 (1.2%) | 0.663 | ||
| Peripheral nervous systemb | 5 (1.6%) | 35 (2.5%) | 0.303 | ||
| Genitourinaryb | 14 (4.4%) | 53 (3.8%) | 0.651 | ||
| Gastro intestinalb | 37 (11.5%) | 133 (9.6%) | 0.294 | ||
| Cardiovascularb | 3 (0.9%) | 21 1.5%) | 0.427 | ||
| Eye-ocular adnexab | 3 (0.9%) | 35 (2.5%) | 0.082 | ||
| Thoracic-lungb | 108 (33.6%) | 501 (36.1%) | 0.409 | ||
| Outcomes | |||||
| Hospital length of stay >3(d)b | 86 (33.9%) | 487 (46.3%) | 0.000 | 1.68 | 1.26–2.24 |
| ICU length of stay >2(d)b | 26 (40.0%) | 228 (50.6%) | 0.112 | ||
| Incidence of ICU admissionb | 96 (29.9%) | 595 (42.8%) | 0.000 | 1.75 | 1.35–2.27 |
| Hospital cost >$18,187.88b | 136 (42.8%) | 772 (52.4%) | 0.002 | 1.47 | 1.15–1.88 |
| Mortalityb | 2 (0.6%) | 31 (2.2%) | 0.059 | ||
| Mortality and vegetative stateb | 2 (0.6%) | 33 (2.5%) | 0.043 | 3.94 | 0.92–16.24 |
| Moderate and worseb | 20 (6.5%) | 115 (8.8%) | 0.195 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05).
a
Unadjusted odds ratio.
b
n (%).
c
Median (interquartile range).