Table 4.

Patient characteristics and hospital outcomes by substance and helmet use.

	Substance and no helmet use (N = 727)	No substance and helmet use (N = 95)	P value	Odds ratioa	95% CI
Patient characteristics
Agec	37 (26–48)	20 (15–40)	0.000
Gender (male)b	608 (83.6%)	77 (81.1%)	0.526
Injury severity scorec	12 (6–19)	10 (5–17)	0.015
Admission injuries
Skinb	624 (86.1%)	73 (76.8%)	0.018	1.86	1.10–3.13
Musculoskeletalb	500 (69.0%)	56 (58.6%)	0.049	1.54	0.99–2.39
Traumatic brain injuryb	508 (70.1%)	52 (54.7%)	0.003	1.93	1.25–2.98
Spinal injuryb	9 (1.2%)	1 (1.1%)	0.877
Peripheral Nervous systemb	25 (3.4%)	1 (1.1%)	0.210
Genitourinaryb	38 (5.2%)	5 (5.3%)	0.993
Gastro intestinalb	86 (11.9%)	12 (12.6%)	0.828
Cardiovascularb	15 (2.1%)	2 (2.1%)	0.981
Eye-ocular adnexab	21 (2.9%)	2 (2.1%)	0.661
Thoracic-lungb	306 (42.2%)	42 (44.2%)	0.710
Outcomes
Hospital length of stay >3(d)b	313 (53.3%)	23 (34.8%)	0.004	2.13	1.25–3.63
ICU length of stay >2(d)b	165 (52.4%)	9 (39.1%)	0.220
Incidence of ICU admissionb	397 (54.6%)	27 (28.4%)	0.000	3.03	1.89–4.84
Hospital cost >$18,187.88b	432 (60.3%)	39 (41.5%)	0.001	2.13	1.38–3.30
Mortalityb	21 (2.9%)	0 (0.0%)	0.157
Mortality and vegetative stateb	23 (3.3%)	0 (0.0%)	0.097
Moderate and worseb	83 (12.0%)	4 (4.3%)	0.032	3.01	1.07–8.42

Boldface indicates statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05).

^aUnadjusted odds ratio.

^bn (%).

^cMedian (Interquartile Range).