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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Apr 13;31(7):1228–1236. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.012

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Roles of mTOR signaling pathway in cancer in type 2 diabetes. mTOR signaling pathway is a key energy sensing pathway. In type 2 diabetes, the high level of nutrition (glucose, FFA and amino acid) as well as increased level of ROS, adipokines, insulin and IGF1, all contribute to the activation of mTOR. The activated mTOR will then inhibit autophagy, promote the synthesis of protein and fatty acid, up-regulate glycolysis, and stimulate angiogenesis, which is helpful for the cancer cell growth and metastasis. GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1; PRKA: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; IGF1: insulin growth factor-1; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PDPK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; AKT: proteinase kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; ULK: Unc-51-Like kinases; IKBKB: IKKkappa, I kappa B kinase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; HIF1A: HIF-1alpha, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; VEGFA: VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; SREBF: SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; FASN: Fatty acid synthase.