Table 3.
Adjusted associations of maternal plasma PC LA levels during pregnancy with offspring fetal and postnatal growth, skinfold thicknesses, body composition and abdominal adipose tissue volumes in neonates from the GUSTO cohort1
| Outcomes | Fetal/infant age | GEE P-values | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 weeks | 32 weeks | Birth | 10 days | 1 month | 2 months | 3 months | 6 months | 9 months | 12 months | Global P | Pinteraction | |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||||||
| n = | 924 | 979 | ||||||||||
| Weight2, kg | 0.013 (0.00, 0.02) |
0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
0.04 (0.01, 0.08) |
0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) |
0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) |
0.03 (-0.02, 0.07) |
0.04 (-0.02, 0.09) |
0.04 (-0.03, 0.11) |
0.04 (-0.04, 0.12) |
0.03 (-0.06, 0.12) |
0.214 | 0.184 |
| Femur Length, cm | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) |
0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Length, cm | - | - | 0.12 (-0.04, 0.27) |
0.12 (-0.04, 0.27) |
0.12 (-0.04, 0.28) |
0.12 (-0.05, 0.30) |
0.12 (-0.07, 0.31) |
0.10 (-0.12, 0.32) |
0.07 (-0.16, 0.31) |
0.05 (-0.20, 0.29) |
0.29 | 0.79 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | - | - | 0.13 (0.02, 0.25) |
-0.02 (-0.09, 0.05) |
0.01 (-0.08, 0.09) |
0.03 (-0.08, 0.14) |
0.04 (-0.08, 0.16) |
0.05 (-0.07, 0.17) |
0.04 (-0.08, 0.15) |
0.02 (-0.09, 0.14) |
0.40 | 0.23 |
| HC, cm | 0.11 (0.03, 0.19) |
0.12 (0.03, 0.21) |
0.11 (0.03, 0.19) |
0.10 (0.02, 0.18) |
0.09 (0.01, 0.17) |
0.08 (-0.01, 0.16) |
0.06 (-0.03, 0.15) |
0.04 (-0.05, 0.14) |
0.04 (-0.07, 0.14) |
0.03 (-0.07, 0.13) |
0.12 | 0.12 |
| AC, cm | 0.11 (0.01, 0.20) |
0.17 (0.04, 0.29) |
0.01 (-0.14, 0.15) |
0.10 (0.01, 0.18) |
0.16 (0.02, 0.30) |
0.15 (-0.02, 0.33) |
0.12 (-0.06, 0.30) |
0.07 (-0.11, 0.26) |
0.07 (-0.12, 0.25) |
0.06 (-0.13, 0.25) |
0.19 | 0.46 |
| Skinfold thicknesses | ||||||||||||
| n = | 940 | 369 | ||||||||||
| Triceps, mm | - | - | 0.06 (-0.05, 0.18) |
0.30 (0.09, 0.51) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Subscapular, mm | - | - | 0.07 (-0.04, 0.17) |
0.27 (0.06, 0.48) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Σ Skinfolds, mm | - | - | 0.13 (-0.07, 0.32) |
0.57 (0.18, 0.96) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Body composition | ||||||||||||
| n = | 302 | 252 | ||||||||||
| Weight, kg | - | - | 0.07 (0.02, 0.13) |
0.09 (0.02, 0.16) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Fat Free Mass, kg | - | - | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10) |
0.07 (0.02, 0.12) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Fat Mass, kg | - | - | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.03) |
0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Fat Mass, % | - | - | 0.14 (-0.40, 0.67) |
0.25 (-0.52, 1.02) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Abdominal adipose tissue volumes | ||||||||||||
| n = | 317 | |||||||||||
| Total, mL | - | - | - | 6.4 (1.6, 11.2) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Superficial Subcutaneous, mL | - | - | - | 4.6 (1.3, 7.8) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Superficial Subcutaneous, % total | - | - | - | -0.01 (-0.7, 0.6) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Deep Subcutaneous, mL | - | - | - | 0.6 (-0.2, 1.5) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Deep Subcutaneous, % total | - | - | - | -0.1 (-0.5, 0.3) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Internal, mL | - | - | - | 1.2 (0.1, 2.4) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Internal, % total | - | - | - | 0.1 (-0.5, 0.7) |
||||||||
Models were adjusted for study center, ethnicity, child sex, familial income, maternal education and age, parity, fasting glucose levels, vitamin D levels, gestational weight gain at 26-28 weeks’ gestation, maternal height and pre-pregnancy BMI, paternal height and BMI. AC, abdominal circumference; GEE, generalized estimating equation; HC, head circumference; LA, linoleic acid.
Weight at 26 and 32 weeks’ gestation was estimated from ultrasound measures and Hadlock’s formula (n = 924), weight at birth is measured, and weight from 7 days to 12 months is predicted by the Jenss-Bayley model (n = 979).
β coefficients (95% confidence interval) are expressed in outcome unit per 5% increase in LA level.
GEEs P-values: global P represents overall effects of LA levels on postnatal growth outcomes, P for interaction is for interaction term between LA levels and infant age.