Table 4.
Adjusted associations of maternal plasma PC DHA levels during pregnancy with offspring’s postnatal growth and adiposity from birth to 5 years in children from the GUSTO cohort1
| Outcome | Age | GEE P-values | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth | 12 months | 18 months | 24 months | 36 months | 48 months | 54 months | 60 months | Global P | Pinteraction | |
| Anthropometrics (model-predicted) | ||||||||||
| n = | 979 | |||||||||
| Weight, kg | -0.032 (-0.09, 0.04) |
-0.02 (-0.18, 0.13) |
-0.02 (-0.21, 0.17) |
0.00 (-0.23, 0.23) |
0.08 (-0.25, 0.41) |
0.17 (-0.28, 0.62) |
0.21 (-0.30, 0.73) |
0.26 (-0.32, 0.84) |
0.603 | 0.603 |
| Length/Height, cm | 0.20 (-0.17, 0.57) |
0.63 (0.09, 1.16) |
0.72 (0.11, 1.32) |
0.80 (0.14, 1.46) |
0.97 (0.21, 1.72) |
1.13 (0.28, 1.98) |
1.21 (0.31, 2.11) |
1.29 (0.34, 2.24) |
0.01 | 0.29 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.20 (-0.09, 0.49) |
-0.04 (-0.31, 0.22) |
-0.04 (-0.32, 0.23) |
-0.02 (-0.32, 0.28) |
0.04 (-0.31, 0.40) |
0.10 (-0.30, 0.50) |
0.12 (-0.30, 0.54) |
0.14 (-0.30, 0.57) |
0.69 | 0.32 |
| HC, cm | 0.02 (-0.45, 0.49) |
-0.06 (-0.24, 0.13) |
-0.08 (-0.26, 0.11) |
-0.08 (-0.28, 0.11) |
-0.09 (-0.29, 0.11) |
-0.09 (-0.32, 0.14) |
-0.09 (-0.37, 0.19) |
-0.09 (-0.50, 0.31) |
0.59 | 0.80 |
| AC, cm | -0.32 (-1.38, 0.74) |
-0.15 (-0.50, 0.20) |
-0.13 (-0.49, 0.23) |
-0.08 (-0.47, 0.32) |
0.06 (-0.44, 0.57) |
0.21 (-0.47, 0.88) |
0.28 (-0.62, 1.18) |
0.35 (-1.24, 1.95) |
0.93 | 0.38 |
| Skinfold thicknesses | ||||||||||
| n = | 981 | |||||||||
| Triceps, mm | 0.03 (-0.23, 0.30) |
- | -0.20 (-0.65, 0.24) |
-0.30 (-0.76, 0.16) |
0.08 (-0.45, 0.61) |
0.14 (-0.51, 0.79) |
0.51 (-0.19, 1.21) |
0.33 (-0.43, 1.09) |
0.69 | 0.30 |
| Biceps, mm | - | - | -0.14 (-0.55, 0.27) |
0.37 (0.00, 0.74) |
-0.09 (-0.49, 0.31) |
0.04 (-0.44, 0.53) |
0.32 (-0.21, 0.86) |
0.36 (-0.20, 0.92) |
0.39 | 0.09 |
| Subscapular, mm | 0.04 (-0.20, 0.28) |
- | -0.21 (-0.56, 0.13) |
-0.19 (-0.56, 0.18) |
-0.20 (-0.66, 0.26) |
-0.04 (-0.66, 0.58) |
0.29 (-0.47, 1.04) |
0.21 (-0.56, 0.99) |
0.95 | 0.48 |
| Suprailiac, mm | - | - | - | - | - | 0.65 (0.02, 1.28) |
0.31 (-0.41, 1.04) |
0.74 (-0.03, 1.51) |
0.09 | 0.22 |
Models were adjusted for study center, ethnicity, child sex, familial income, maternal education and age, parity, fasting glucose levels, vitamin D levels, gestational weight gain at 26-28 weeks’ gestation, maternal height and pre-pregnancy BMI, paternal height and BMI. Models explaining weight, head circumference, abdominal circumference and skinfold thicknesses were additionally adjusted for length/height. AC, abdominal circumference; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; GEE, generalized estimating equation; HC, head circumference.
β coefficients (95% confidence interval) are expressed in outcome unit per 5% increase in DHA level.
Global P represents overall effect of DHA levels on the outcome over the entire period of age. Pinteraction is for the interaction term between DHA levels and child age, i.e., the change of effect of DHA levels on the outcome over age.