Table 3. Means (SDs) and contrast tests for Study 3.
| Experimental Conditions | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gratitude | Kindness | Control | Contrast 1 | Contrast 2 | Contrast 3 | ||||
| Contrast 1: +1 | Contrast 1: -1 | Contrast 1: 0 | |||||||
| Contrast 2: +1 | Contrast 2: 0 | Contrast 2: -1 | |||||||
| Contrast 3: 0 | Contrast 3: 1 | Contrast 3: -1 | |||||||
| M(SD) | n | M(SD) | n | M(SD) | n | t-contrast or F-statistic | t-contrast | t-contrast | |
| Grateful (single-item) | 6.36 (0.85) | 148 | 5.14 (1.59) | 136 | 4.35 (1.66) | 142 | 8.01*** | 12.99*** | 4.09*** |
| Gratitude (multi-item) | 5.57 (1.00) | 148 | 5.61 (1.03) | 136 | 5.39 (1.05) | 143 | -0.28 | 1.54 | 1.79† |
| Indebted | 4.61 (1.88) | 148 | 2.79 (1.79) | 136 | 2.43 (1.60) | 143 | 8.71*** | 10.57*** | 1.71† |
| Guilty | 2.61 (1.78) | 148 | 2.17 (1.57) | 136 | 2.63 (1.80) | 142 | 2.21* | -0.12 | -2.30* |
| Moved | 5.57 (1.22) | 148 | 4.57 (1.42) | 136 | 2.97 (1.64) | 143 | 6.38*** | 15.36*** | 8.73*** |
| Uplifted | 5.16 (1.52) | 148 | 4.60 (1.44) | 136 | 3.31 (1.62) | 143 | 3.19** | 10.00*** | 7.00*** |
| Embarrassed | 2.37 (1.34) | 148 | 2.40 (1.39) | 136 | 2.76 (1.62) | 143 | -1.44 | -0.20 | 1.24 |
| Ashamed | 2.94 (1.58) | 148 | 3.21 (1.50) | 136 | 2.97 (1.65) | 143 | -0.20 | -2.25* | -2.00* |
| Connectedness (multi-item) | 3.85 (0.62) | 148 | 3.73 (0.64) | 136 | 3.70 (0.70) | 143 | 2.06 | ||
| Happy | 5.75 (1.30) | 147 | 5.09 (1.55) | 135 | 4.21 (1.57) | 141 | 40.54*** | ||
| Worried/anxious | 2.94 (1.71) | 148 | 2.91 (1.70) | 136 | 4.03 (1.70) | 143 | 20.20*** | ||
| Angry | 1.63 (1.11) | 148 | 1.51 (0.99) | 136 | 1.91 (1.26) | 143 | 4.70** | ||
| Frustrated | 2.03 (1.52) | 148 | 1.95 (1.36) | 136 | 2.72 (1.72) | 143 | 9.67** | ||
| Depressed/blue | 2.24 (1.43) | 148 | 2.15 (1.51) | 136 | 2.62 (1.72) | 143 | 3.15* | ||
| Joyful | 4.16 (1.55) | 148 | 4.06 (1.50) | 136 | 3.55 (1.53) | 143 | 6.69*** | ||
| Unhappy | 1.95 (1.42) | 148 | 1.95 (1.40) | 136 | 2.30 (1.49) | 143 | 2.82† | ||
| Pleased | 4.60 (1.53) | 147 | 4.38 (1.40) | 136 | 3.84 (1.45) | 143 | 10.29*** | ||
| Enjoyment/fun | 3.70 (1.71) | 148 | 3.51 (1.54) | 136 | 3.33 (1.51) | 143 | 2.01 | ||
| Positive emotion composite | 5.04 (1.00) | 148 | 4.48 (1.16) | 136 | 3.65 (1.19) | 143 | 57.17*** | ||
| Negative emotion composite | 2.59 (0.98) | 148 | 2.34 (0.94) | 136 | 2.71 (1.10) | 143 | 4.90** | ||
| Emodiversity: All emotions | 2.36 (0.24) | 146 | 2.32 (0.29) | 135 | 2.33 (0.32) | 140 | 0.95 | ||
| Emodiversity: Social emotions | 1.65 (0.22) | 148 | 1.58 (0.31) | 136 | 1.45 (0.42) | 141 | 2.22* | 5.00*** | 2.91** |
Note: A t-contrast is provided for emotions on which we performed a focused test (bolded in the table). An omnibus F-statistic is reported for all other emotions. The degrees of freedom for the emodiversity analyses are fewer than for the composites because the composites allow for some missing items (we allowed three [out of seven] missing item in the positive emotion composite and up to four [out of nine] missing items in the negative emotion composite), whereas the emodiversity equation does not tolerate any missingness.
†p ≤ .10.
*p ≤ .05.
**p ≤ .01.
***p ≤ .001.