Figure 3.
Aggressive acts (biting and ramming) displayed by a pair of males being watched by audiences composed of different kinds of conspecifics. Note that males were significantly (α = 0.05) more aggressive when being watched by a gravid female, and significantly less aggressive when being watched by a larger male (marked with B and C, respectively). In contrast, differences in aggression when being watched by a group of females, matched size male, or smaller males did not differ from control conditions (marked by A). (Redrawn from Desjardins et al. 2012.)