. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Jul 26;25(11):1491–1502. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1334

Table 4.

Changes in biomarkers at 12-months

		Baseline				12 months
										Absolute Δ from BL²			Percent Δ from BL²
	Group	N	Mean	SD	P values	N	Mean	SD	P values	Mean	SD	P values	Mean	SD	P values

Plasma Carotenoids
Total carotenoids (μg/L)					0.48				0.96			0.76			0.24
	Intervention	34	642.8	287.8		22	742.1	222.6		46.4	295.3		15.8	34.0
	Control	33	702.5	390.2		25	736.0	522.2		21.0	266.6		3.3	37.1
Lutein (μg/L)					0.26				0.06			<0.01			<0.01
	Intervention	34	109.5	51.0		22	132.3	48.9		15.2	41.6		20.4	37.8
	Control	33	125.5	64.0		25	105.3	47.2		−21.3	45.0		−11.5	24.2
Lycopene (μg/L)					0.96				0.14			0.14			0.08
	Intervention	34	226.6	98.2		22	253.6	138.2		17.8	103.2		16.2	42.1
	Control	33	225.3	107.6		25	198.3	107.3		−20.1	60.9		−5.6	39.1
α-carotene (μg/L)					0.48				0.57			0.68			0.92
	Intervention	34	79.8	52.8		22	102.4	86.9		15.4	62.6		23.7	44.8
	Control	33	95.7	117.5		25	125.6	180.6		24.9	88.8		21.4	104.3
β-carotene (μg/L)					0.54				0.32			0.35			0.32
	Intervention	34	117.3	181.3		22	132.8	92.2		−6.6	179.1		1387.7	6234.1
	Control	33	147.5	215.3		25	200.4	318.3		40.6	153.6		39.7	144.6
β-cryptoxanthin (μg/L)					0.87				0.06			0.19			0.17
	Intervention	34	109.6	28.5		22	121.0	28.2		4.6	22.0		5.7	19.6
	Control	33	108.5	23.9		25	106.4	22.3		−3.1	15.6		−1.4	14.8
Retinol (μg/L)					0.12				0.10			0.25			0.15
	Intervention	34	589.9	128.2		22	575.3	124.5		18.5	97.9		4.7	17.2
	Control	33	644.8	153.2		25	650.0	174.3		−14.0	89.1		−2.1	13.4
Metabolic markers
Glucose (mg/dL)					0.33				0.05			0.21			0.26
	Intervention	34	102.8	23.9		23	99.1	16.8		−1.0	12.3		−0.1	10.0
	Control	33	108.6	24.9		25	117.0	39.9		6.2	25.2		4.9	19.1
Insulin (mIU/L)					0.72				0.57			0.43			0.82
	Intervention	32	17.0	13.2		22	15.1	7.9		−1.5	9.2		10.0	50.1
	Control	33	18.4	18.5		24	16.5	9.5		0.5	6.8		6.8	40.3
HOMA-IR¹					0.71				0.12			0.22			0.93
	Intervention	32	4.8	5.1		22	3.7	2.0		−0.6	3.1		12.6	53.7
	Control	33	5.3	6.9		24	5.0	3.7		0.5	2.6		14.0	50.7
Markers of inflammation
GM-CSF (pg/ml)¹					0.38				0.37			0.41			0.59
	Intervention	34	0.9	2.6		23	1.0	2.9		0.5	2.0		14.5	54.3
	Control	33	0.5	1.1		25	0.5	1.1		0.1	0.7		49.7	311.4
IL-1 α (pg/ml)¹					0.34				0.28			0.56			0.67
	Intervention	34	0.2	0.4		23	0.4	1.0		0.1	1.0		22.5	123.3
	Control	33	0.2	0.1		25	0.2	0.1		0.0	0.1		10.0	60.7
IL-6 (pg/ml)					0.84				0.54			0.71			0.84
	Intervention	34	10.3	30.1		23	8.3	18.9		2.1	10.1		3.8	55.5
	Control	33	12.0	39.1		25	16.6	64.3		3.8	20.3		7.4	63.8
IL-8 (pg/ml)					0.74				0.84			0.66			0.45
	Intervention	34	8.3	7.6		23	7.2	5.5		0.1	3.5		3.9	47.6
	Control	33	7.8	4.5		25	7.5	3.9		0.5	3.4		15.6	58.0
IL-10 (pg/ml)					0.63				0.64			0.54			0.51
	Intervention	34	16.5	19.2		23	25.0	61.2		6.9	42.4		30.9	140.3
	Control	33	19.2	27.0		25	18.2	30.1		1.3	8.9		9.7	64.2
TNF-α (pg/ml)¹					0.92				0.92			0.60			0.90
	Intervention	34	12.5	7.7		23	11.7	7.3		−0.5	6.1		2.3	63.1
	Control	33	12.3	5.5		25	11.9	4.5		0.2	2.6		4.2	24.5
CRPhs (mg/L)¹					0.67				0.78			0.75			0.62
	Intervention	34	4.4	8.3		23	4.0	7.6		0.2	5.0		9.7	76.0
	Control	33	3.7	3.5		25	3.5	3.0		−0.2	1.6		0.7	42.6
DNA Methylation
LINE-1¹					0.59				0.59			0.06			0.06
	Intervention	32	69.5	2.6		23	69.9	2.2		0.8	2.3		1.2	3.5
	Control	32	69.9	3.2		24	69.5	2.7		−0.5	2.5		−0.7	3.8

HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance; GM-CSF, granulated macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; CRPhs, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LINE-1, long interspersed nucleotide element 1

Mean absolute and percent changes are based on individual-level data.