(A) Participants are presented with a total of 36 target items across three modalities (visual objects, auditory words, and visual words). To ensure adequate encoding, participants are asked to make a perceptual judgment for each stimulus. After a 20-minute delay, participants are given a surprise (i.e., incidental) yes/no recognition test to identify 36 targets among 36 novel distractors. (B) Mean hits and false alarms for PPA (n=22) and control (n=14) participants across each stimulus modality. Significant within-group pair-wise comparisons between stimulus modalities are indicated by an asterisk (*). Error bars represent standard deviation of the mean.